ASL 2 (not including vertebral canal)

trapezius m.

Function: elevation, retraction, rotation of scapula. Helps in adduction and slight elevation of arm

Innervation: Accessory n. (CNXI)

accessory nerve (CN XI)

trapezius innervation, find it running deep to the trapezius m, runs with transverse cervical artery

Great Occipital Nerve

posterior ramus of C2, innervates scalp

occipital artery

Branch of the external carotid artery that supplies blood to the skin and muscles of the scalp and back of the head up to the crown.

levator scapulae m.

elevates scapula; inferiorly rotates scapula

rhomboid minor m.

superior muscle that performs scapula retraction

rhomboid major m.

inferior muscle that performs scapula retraction

latissimus dorsi m.

Extends, adducts, and medially rotates the arm; draws the shoulder downward and backward

Innervation = thoracodorsal nerve

serratus posterior superior m.

Lower cervical and upper thoracic vertebrae, elevates ribs, and respiration

Innervation = intercostal nerves; T1-T4

deep to rhomboid but still a superficial back muscle

serratus posterior inferior m.

origin: spinous processes of T11-L2

insertion: ribs 8-12

action: assists with exhalation

erector spine mm.

prime mover of back extension; a deep composite muscle consisting of three columns

Iliocostalis mm.

vertebral column extension and lateral flexion

longissimus mm.

Extends the vertebral column and head, rotates the head; longest

Spinalis mm.

most medial of erector spinae

Multifidus Lumborum m.

extends (both sides), controls lateral flexion, and rotates (opposite side) the lumbar spine

#23

splenius capitis m.

rotates head, bends head to one side, or extends neck

semispinalis capitis m.

O: Transverse processes C7-T7, articular processes C4-C6

I: Occipital bone between superior and inferior nuchal lines

A: Extends and rotates head contralaterally

N: Dorsal ramio of local spinal nerves

epithelium

the specialized tissue that forms the epidermis of the skin and the surface layer of mucous membranes

simple squamous epithelium

A single layer of flattened cells; Forms walls of capillaries & air sacs of lungs;

stratified squamous epithelium

multi-layer flat cells

Function: protects underlying tissues in areas subject to abrasion

Location: nonkeratinized type forms the moist lining of the esophagus, mouth, and vagina; keratinized type forms the epidermis of the skin, a dry membrane.

pseudostratified columnar epithelium

tissue that consists of a single layer of irregularly shaped and sized cells that give the appearance of multiple layers; found in ducts of certain glands and the upper respiratory tract (cilia/microvilli)

cuboidal epithelium

Cube-shaped cells.

Forms the kidney tubules and also covers the surfaces of the ovaries and mammary glands

connective tissue

A body tissue that provides support for the body and connects all of its parts

dense irregular connective tissue

Function: able to withstand tension exerted in many directions; provides structural strength

Location: fibrous capsules of organs and joints; dermis of the skin; submucosa of the digestive tract

dense regular connective tissue

Function: attaches muscles to bones or to muscles; attaches bones to bones; withstands great tensile stress when pulling force is applied in one direction

Location: tendons, most ligaments, aponeuroses

loose connective tissue

Tissue that binds epithelia to underlying tissues and holds organs in place. Contains collagenous, elastic, and reticular fibers.

cortical bone

the hard, dense, strong bone that forms the outer layer of bone; also called compact bone

trabecular bone

interior, spongy bone with a porous, honeycomb structure

skin

the largest organ of the body, the cutaneous membrane, also called cutis

epidermis

the outer layer of the skin covering the exterior body surface of vertebrates

dermis

The inner layer of the skin, containing hair follicles, sweat glands, nerve endings, and blood vessels.

adipose tissue

Tissue that stores fat.

superficial fascia

loose connective tissue that underlies the skin and attaches it to the superficial layer of muscles

deep fascia

dense connective tissue on the surface of individual muscles