Chapter 52: Community Ecology

Competition

________ occurs when individuals use the same resources- resulting in lower fitness for both.

Mutualism

________ occurs when two species interact in a way that confers fitness benefits to both.

Consumption

________ (including herbivory, predation, and parasitism) occurs when one organism eats or absorbs nutrients from another.

ecology

In ________, a weed is a plant that is adapted for growth in disturbed soils.

secondary succession

Fire and logging are examples of disturbances that initiate ________ on land.

Commensalism

________ occurs when one species benefits but the other species is unaffected.

fitness of an individual

The ________ is defined as its ability to produce viable, fertile offspring.

Character displacement

________ makes niche differentiation possible.

pest management

In agriculture and forestry，吐1e use of predators, herbivores, and parasites as biocontrol agents is a key part of integrated ________: strategies to maximize crop and forest productivity while using a minimum of insecticides or other types of potentially harmful compounds.

keystone species

A(n) ________ has a much greater impact on the distribu- tion and abundance of the surrounding species than its abundance and total biomass would suggest.

fundamental niche

A(n) ________ is the total theoretical range of environmental conditions that a species can tolerate.

character displacement

The evolutionary change that occurs in species traits, and that enables species to exploit different resources, is called ________.

In agriculture and forestry，吐1e use of predators, herbivores, and parasites as biocontrol agents is a key part of integrated pest management

strategies to maximize crop and forest productivity while using a minimum of insecticides or other types of potentially harmful compounds

A keystone species has a much greater impact on the distribu

tion and abundance of the surrounding species than its abundance and total biomass would suggest

Intraspecific competition

The competition that occurs between members of the same species

Realized niche

The portion of the fundamental niche that a species actually occupies, given limiting factors

Niche differentiation

An evolutionary change in resource use, caused by competition over generations

Primary Succession

Occurs when a disturbance removes the soil and its organisms as well as organisms that live above the soil surface