Articulation and Phonology

Definition of Articulation

speech production

Definition of allophones

variations in productions of phonemes, not changing the meaning of a word

Definition of Phonology

study of phonemes, how they are organized to create meaning - linguistic

What is an articulation disorder?

difficulty with motor planning for production of speech sounds

what is a phonological disorder?

difficulty with use of sound system and rules of combining phonemes

TRUE or FALSE: a combination of articulation and phonological errors can be made in both disorders

TRUE

what is a speech sound disorder?

Impairment to the systems of articulation and/or phonology

What are consonants made up of?

• sonorant

• obstruents

how are vowels classified?

• tense/lax

• lip configuration (round or unrounded)

• tongue position (hi/low and front/back)

Definition of Place:

A. How the sounds are made by air flow/constriction

B. Presence or absence of vocal fold vibration

C. Location along the vocal tract where sound is made

C. Location along the vocal tract where sound is made

Definition of Manner:

A. How the sounds are made by air flow/constriction

B. Presence or absence of vocal fold vibration

C. Location along the vocal tract where sound is made

A. How the sounds are made by air flow/constriction

Definition of Voicing:

A. How the sounds are made by air flow/constriction

B. Presence or absence of vocal fold vibration

C. Location along the vocal tract where sound is made

B. Presence or absence of vocal fold vibration

fill in the blank: Consonants can have a acoustic or _________ characteristic used to describe a phoneme

articulatory

Who developed the binary system for consonants?

Chomsky and Halle (1968)

Define consonant

presence or absence of a feature to define a phoneme

who developed the 5 features of consonants?

jackobson and halle (1956)

what are the 5 features of consonants?

• major class

• cavity

• manner of production features

• source features

• prosodic features

Fill in blank: vowels are produced with a relatively _____ vocal tract

open

definition of open sounds

limited constriction with airflow from vocal folds through oral cavity

What is the purpose of the vowel quadrilateral?

schematic to illustrate position of tongue

purpose of phonetic transcription

provide accurate consistent means of recording and describing speech sound production

What are the 5 components of language?

• phonology

• morphology

• syntax

• semantics

• pragmatics

definition of phonology

how sounds can be sequenced and how sounds are used to create meaning

definition of morphology

study of the structure of words and rules for combining word parts

definition of semantics

meaning of words and utterances

definition of acoustic phonetics?

study of the relationship between articulation and acoustic signal of speech

• how articulation matches that sound wave

definition of speech perception

study of how phonetic decisions are made based on the signal

definition of articulatory phonetics

how the articulators make individual sounds

Which one is NOT a component of syntax?

A. Form of language

B. study how language is used

C. How words are sequenced to convey intended meaning

D. Word order changes meaning
E. Transformational

B. study how language is used

Definition of pragmatics

study of how language is used in communicative and social contexts

Fill in blank: Brain at birth is ___% of adult weight and grows to ____80% during the first few years of life

A. 30% & 80%

B. 20% & 90%

C. 25% & 80%

D. 80% & 25%

C. 25% & 80%

Dispel a common belief about speech sound disorders

• do not usually result from problems in the mouth

• therapy should not largely involve positioning of person’s articulators to make sounds

• should nto be surprising children experience speech difficulties

Name at least 2 general principles regarding speech sound disorders

• a person whose speech differs from his or her community’s may be identified with a speech disorder

• speech disorders should be considered within social context of client

• may impact other language domains

• may have language basis, basis in production and perception, or combination

• more than a problem pronouncing letters/sounds

In stage 1: birth to 12 months, what does speech look/sound like?

• “laying foundations”

• perception - universal abilities become restricted to their native language

• production - limited sounds in vowels, consonants, and supersegmentals

• perception-production link

• communication - turn taking, but limited understanding of semantics

In stage 2: 12-24 months, what does speech look/sound like?

• “becoming a word user”

• perception - good, they can understand but often struggle in abnormal environments

• production - babbling to start speech sounds

• perception-production link - known for mismatch of higher level perception skills but limited production skills

• communication - using words to express thoughts, feelings, and needs

In stage 3: 2-5 years, what does speech look/sound like?

• “mastering basic speech elements”

• perception - advanced abilities

• production - huge explosion of mastery of basic sounds of speech

• perception-production link - may be slight mismatch

• communication - interacting more with unfamiliar people in unfamiliar places with more advanced syntax and morphology

In stage 4: 5 years - adolescence what does speech look/sound like?

• “foundation for literacy”

• perception - adult-like

• production - might still see difficulties with individual consonants or consonant clusters

• perception-production - continues to decrease

• communication - using speech increasingly across various settings

what is the key player in articulation?

the tongue

What are the intrinsic muscles of the tongue?

• super longitudinals

• inferior longitudinals

• transverse

• vertical

what is the role of the intrinsic muscles of the tongue?

change the shape

what are the extrinsic muscles of the tongue?

• genioglosus

• hyoglossus

• palatoglossus

• styloglossus

how does the mandible impact sound production?

• increase or decrease size of oral cavity - impact airflow

• supports tongue

• responsible for changes in resonance

name the muscles of the soft palate (velum) that coordinate movement

• levator veli palatini

• tensor veli palatini

• palatopharyngeus

• palatoglossus

• uvula

name the immovable/passive articulators

• teeth

• alveolar ridge

• hard palate

What are some of the differences we might see with an infant vocal tract vs adult?

• shorter vocal tract

• shorter pharyngeal cavity

• tongue mass placed relatively forward in oral cavity

• gradual angle in oropharyngeal channel

• high larynx

• close approximation or velopharyngeal and epiglottis

what are the five processes of speech?

• cerebration

• respiration

• phonation

• resonance

• articulation

What is cerebration?

• ability of brain to organize information

what parts of our body do we use for respiration?

• lungs

• rib cage

• abdominal muscles

• diaphragm

how does phonation work?

• larynx sits on top of trachea

• vocal folds vibrate the air

what is resonance?

modification. of sound energy as it passes through the oral and nasal cavities

• relies on function of velopharyngeal port

what are sonorants?

littel constriction (nasals, liquids, glides)

what are obstruents?

lot of constriction (stops, fricatives, affricates)

what is a cognate pair?

place and manner are the same but voicing is different

what is a continuant?

manner of production in which the airstream continues to moves through the oral cavity (glides, liquids, fricatives)

TRUE or FALSE: all liquids, affricates, and glides are voiced

FALSE; all NASALS, LIQUIDS, GLIDES are voiced

What are nasal sounds?

• airstream directed through the nasal cavity

• open velopharyngeal port

• /m/, /n/, /ng/

what are strident sounds?

• noisy sounds

• fricatives and affricates

what are labial sounds?

• a place of production

• made with one or both lips

what are coronal sounds?

• tongue blade raised above neutral state

• sounds made with tongue blade or tip

What are back sounds?

• place of production

• made in velar area with tongue body retracted

What is the name of the national system that represents productions of GAE?

IPA- International Phonetic Alphabet

Name a few diacritic markers used to indicate production features or quality changes

• dentalization

• lateralization

• palatalization

• voicing errors

• nasality

• unreleased stop-plosive

• rounding

What are suprasegmentals?

characteristics of speech that involve larger units including syllables, words, phrases or sentences

what are characteristics of suprasegmentals?

• stress

• intonation

• loudness

• pitch level

• juncture

• speaking rate

• clear vs. conversational speech

• vowel reduction

• new vs. given information

What is coarticulation?

influence that sounds exert on one another

name the 3 acoustic considerations

• frequency - rate of vibration of a sound

• amplitude - strength/magnitude of vibration of a sound

• duration - total time over which a vibration occurs

What are the levels of linguistic complexity?

• isolated sound

• syllable

• word

• phrase

• sentence

• conversation

TRUE or FALSE: every syllable has a vowel

TRUE

TRUE or FALSE: can add consonants on either end of a vowel but if a vowel is added, then it becomes another syllable because vowels are nuclei of a syllable

TRUE

What are the earliest developing phonemes (birth -3 years)?

p, b, m, h, n, w

What are the preschool developing phonemes (3-5years)?

t, d, k, g, f, ng, y, l, s, z, v

What are the later developing phonemes (5-7 years)?

sh, ch, j, r, th

Fill in blank: articulation is difficulty with _____ _______ __________ - motor planning and execution

speech sound

TRUE or FALSE: articulation does affect areas of language learning and development

FALSE: articulation DOES NOT affect…

Articulation is what type of errors?

Phonetic - usually one or two isolated phonemes

Phonology is what type of errors?

phonemic - usually classes of sounds

Fill in blank: phonology is difficulty with ___________ specific function of phonemes

Language

What is a phonological disorder?

disturbances in phonological organization of language system

TRUE or FALSE: phonological disorders may impact other domains of verbal and written language

TRUE

What are the two main categories in phonological development?

• behavioral models

• linguistic models

Theories rely on what 4 fundamental principles?

• segments - on different levels are related systematically on phonological rules

• features - each phonological segment is composed of some type of features

• levels of representation - underlying and surface level

• rules - generalization of phonological processes that apply to a given language

What is the phonemic theory?

recognition that speech sounds in a particular language can be grouped into classes

What are autosegmentals?

segments of speech that can be filtered out of the linear arrangement of speech

What is metrical phonology?

infinite number of stress values that you can put on a phrase

TRUE or FALSE: speech and language are learned behaviors

TRUE

Who introduced the behavioral model?

goldstein 2003

what is the structuralist model?

Hypothesizes discontinuity between babbling and onset of speech production

• phonological development follows a universal and innate order of acquisition

what is the generative phonology model?

child comes innately equipped with universal set of phonological process that occur in his/her native language

What is the cognitive model?

word, rather than segment that serves as basic unit

• uses individual strategies and external factors (individuality of early phonological development)

What is the biological model?

innate perceptual biases and dispositions to certain motor actions are at root of phonological acquisition

what is the linguistic model?

emphasize function of sounds and sound patterns and patterns of sound changes in a language

• two groups: linear & non-linear

what is the linear linguistic model?

emphasizes that segmental properties/feature of phonemes are independent of each other and may be combined with other segments

what is the distinctive feature theory?

identifies specific acoustic or production features of sounds that serve function of differentiating meaning among words

What is generative phonology?

describes how deep form is transformed by modifications in phonetic form to equal surface representation through a set of rules and constraints.

definition of naturalness

simplicity of production + relative frequency of occurence in the language

definition of markedness

sounds are more difficult to produce and occur less frequently

Who developed “natural phonology”?

donegan and stampe 1979

what is natural phonology?

Natural phonology is a theory that proposes that phonological processes are innate and reflect natural tendencies in speech production, allowing for simplification of complex sounds.

What are factors of non-linear linguistic models?

• focuses of the hierarchical nature of phonological segments or units

• encompasses autosegmental, metrical, feature, optimality and sonority

• emphasize the role of a set of more complex linguistic dimensions on development

what are the two tiers in phonology?

• prosodic

• segmental