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What measures the acidity and alkalinity in soil?
Soil pH
What is fine divided, partially decomposed organic matter in soils called?
Humus
Describe the temperature and moisture characteristics typical of climates with high soil acidity.
Cool moist climates
What are the characteristics of primary minerals?
Present in unaltered rock
Eluviation and illuviation that operate simultaneously are 2 processes of what?
Soil Forming Processes-Translocation
What are the finest particles in soils and are important because they help retain nutrient ions (or bases) that are used by plants?
Soil Colloids
What is the name for Soil Science, which involves a complex interaction between both chemical and physical processes?
Pedology
What are the characteristics of Oxisols?
Low latitudes warm and moist
What are the characteristics of Aridisols?
Dry climates and Includes desert shrub vegetation
What are the characteristics of Mollisols?
Midlatitude grasslands and upper horizon humus rich
What is the soft pliable (plastic) layer that underlies the lithosphere?
Asthenosphere
Who suggested that the continents had once been joined as a supercontinent he named what?
Wegener-Pangaea
Most landscape features today were produced during which Geologic Era?
Cenozoic Era
The large flat expenses of ocean floor between the continental margins and midocean ridges are called what?
Abyssal Plains
Rocks are crumpled and over thrust to eventually unite into a continental suture when 2 continental lithospheric plates collide in a what?
Orogeny
What is a naturally occuring, inorganic substance that usually possesses a definite chemical composition and characteristics atomic structure called?
Minerals
Below the Earth's surface, igneous rocks solidify from rock in a hot, molten state known as what?
Magma
Instrusive igneous rocks are noted for what sized mineral crystals?
Larger Mineral Crystals
What types of rocks are formed from compacted layered occumulations of mineral particles derived mostly by weathering and erosion?
Sedimentary Rocks
What types of rocks have been recrystallized by tremendous pressure and high temperature without melting deep beneath the Earth's surface?
Metamorphic Rocks
What type of rock forms from the solidification of molten material?
Igenous Rocks
Which extrusive igneous rock presented in lecture has a glassy texture?
Obsidian
What types of sedimentary rocks are composed of broken and weathered preexisting rock fragments?
Clasts
Which foliated metamorphic rock is formed from its parent rock (Granite)?
Gneiss
Landforms shaped by exogenic processes and agents of denudation belong to which group of landforms?
Sequential
A stair-step landscape of plateous, mesas and buttes (such as exhibited in the Grand Canyon) is indicative of what climate type?
Arid Climate Landforms
What is a circular arrangement of rock layers in which strata have been up-arched?
Sedimentary Dome
What is an isolated mountain or hill of resistant igneous rock that rises conspicuously above an eroded plain of weather rocks?
Monadnock
What type of stream flows down the slope of a new initial land surface?
Consequent Streams
What are wave-like down-folds that were formed by compressional stress?
Synclines
What is the emanation point of seismic waves during an earthquake called?
Focus
What type of fault is the San Andreas Fault, which is an active horizontally sliding boundary between the Pacific and North American Plates?
Transcurrent
What is an up-thrown block between 2 normal faults called?
Horsts
A train of sea off by an earthquake (or other seafloor disturbance) traveling over the ocean surface is called what?
Tsunamis
Graben rift valleys exhibit the first stage of continental splitting due to rifting in what location identified in lecture?
East African Horn
Which northern country was formed along the Atlantic Ocean's midoceanic diverging plate boundary?
Iceland
Hawaii consists of what type of volcanoes, which were created by the motion of the Pacific plate over what?
Shield Volcanoes/ Hotspot
What are large-scale outpouring of lava that produce thick accumulation of basalt over large areas from vents under continental plate hotspots called?
Flood Basalts
Occasionally, stratovolcanoes erupt so violently that the entire portion of the volcano collapses to subsequently for a what?
Caldera
What is the basaltic magma that is ejected from cinder cones called?
Tephra
The combined action of physical and chemical processes whereby rocks are fractured, broken and/or transformed into softer or more soluble forms is known as what?
Weathering
What is an intense frost action environment in close proximity to active glaciers and ice sheets?
Periglacial
In arid climates, what physical weathering process leads to disintegration and eventual erosion of sandstone cliff-bases that often results in a niche?
Salt Crystal Growth
Stream laid sediment that has been transported and deposited by moving water is what?
Alluvium
What is the spontaneous movement of soil, regolith and bedrock under the influence of gravity?
Mass Wasting
Which type of mass wasting is defined as a mass of saturated soil and regolith that moves at a moderate speed downhill?
Earthflow
Mudflows (consisting of water-saturated tephra and volcanic ash) that descend rapidly on the flanks of erupting volcanoes are called what?
Lahars
Which type of mass wasting is the rapid sliding of large dry bedrock masses and what are they ussually triggered by?
Landslides/ Earthquakes
What are isolated pockets underlying lakes that never freeze even though they are in areas of continous permafrost?
Taliks
Clearing of natural surface cover can induce rapid thawing of ice masses in permafrost leading to thermal erosion and the growth of water-filled depressions called what?
Thermokarst Lakes
What are the characteristics of secondary minerals?
Present in altered rock
What is where rock breaks with slippage along fault plane?
Faults
Oceanic plate carried beneath continental plate such as trench and volcanic chain is what?
Subduction
Which of the following is incorrectly matched?
weathering - endogenic process
Which of the following gives the correct sequence of layers in Earth, from the surface to the center?
crust, mantle, outer core, inner core
The three basic rock types are?
sedimentary, metamorphic, and igneous.
Which of the following is not exogenic in nature?
tectonic uplift
The principle that landscape formation is balance between endogenic and exogenic processes is called?
the dynamic equilibrium model
The bulk of ice on Earth is in
Greenland and Antarctica
Partially compacted snow that is an intermediate between snow and ice is called a
Firn
Glacier confined in a bowl-shaped recess is known as a(n)
cirque glacier
Eroded debris dropped at the glacier's farthest extent is called ________ moraine.
Terminal
Note
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