Archaeplastida Supergroup

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21 Terms

1
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What does the Archaeplastida supergroup include?

Red algae, green algae, and land plants

2
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How did Archaeplastida evolve?

From a heterotrophic eukaryote that engulfed a cyanobacterium, leading to primary endosymbiosis and the origin of plastids

3
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What major evolutionary event does Archaeplastida represent?

The origin of photosynthetic eukaryotes, which later gave rise to plants

4
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Which groups descended from green algae?

Land plants

5
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What pigment gives red algae their color?

Phycoerythrin, an accessory pigment that absorbs blue and green light

6
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Why are red algae adapted to deep water?

Phycoerythrin allows them to absorb blue/green light, which penetrates deeper into the ocean

7
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What happens to the color of red algae at different depths?

They appear greenish-red in shallow water and almost black in deep water

8
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Are red algae unicellular or multicellular?

Mostly multicellular

9
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Where are red algae most abundant?

In coastal tropical waters

10
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What hardens the cell walls of some red algae?

Calcium carbonate (CaCO₃) — especially in coralline algae

11
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What are the two structural types of red algae?

Branching and encrusting forms

12
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What is a common edible red alga?

Porphyra — used to make nori (sushi wrappers)

13
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Why are green algae named that?

Because of their grass-green chloroplasts, containing chlorophyll a and b

14
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What are the two main groups of green algae?

Chlorophytes and Charophytes

15
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Which green algae are the closest relatives of land plants?

Charophytes

16
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What environments do most chlorophytes live in?

Freshwater, though some are marine or terrestrial

17
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What is “watermelon snow”?

Chlamydomonas nivalis — a red-pigmented chlorophyte that grows in melting ice and accelerates thawing

18
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How did chlorophytes evolve to become larger and more complex?

  • Forming colonies of individual cells

  • Forming true multicellular bodies through cell differentiation

  • Becoming multinucleate “supercells” (no cross-walls)

19
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Example of a colonial chlorophyte?

Volvox — a hollow colony of biflagellated cells embedded in a gelatinous matrix

20
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Example of a multinucleate (“supercell”) chlorophyte?

Caulerpa taxifolia — a branched, multinucleate alga with no cell walls between nuclei

21
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Why is Caulerpa taxifolia considered invasive?

Its toxins deter herbivores, and it spreads rapidly where it has no natural predators

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