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What does the Archaeplastida supergroup include?
Red algae, green algae, and land plants
How did Archaeplastida evolve?
From a heterotrophic eukaryote that engulfed a cyanobacterium, leading to primary endosymbiosis and the origin of plastids
What major evolutionary event does Archaeplastida represent?
The origin of photosynthetic eukaryotes, which later gave rise to plants
Which groups descended from green algae?
Land plants
What pigment gives red algae their color?
Phycoerythrin, an accessory pigment that absorbs blue and green light
Why are red algae adapted to deep water?
Phycoerythrin allows them to absorb blue/green light, which penetrates deeper into the ocean
What happens to the color of red algae at different depths?
They appear greenish-red in shallow water and almost black in deep water
Are red algae unicellular or multicellular?
Mostly multicellular
Where are red algae most abundant?
In coastal tropical waters
What hardens the cell walls of some red algae?
Calcium carbonate (CaCO₃) — especially in coralline algae
What are the two structural types of red algae?
Branching and encrusting forms
What is a common edible red alga?
Porphyra — used to make nori (sushi wrappers)
Why are green algae named that?
Because of their grass-green chloroplasts, containing chlorophyll a and b
What are the two main groups of green algae?
Chlorophytes and Charophytes
Which green algae are the closest relatives of land plants?
Charophytes
What environments do most chlorophytes live in?
Freshwater, though some are marine or terrestrial
What is “watermelon snow”?
Chlamydomonas nivalis — a red-pigmented chlorophyte that grows in melting ice and accelerates thawing
How did chlorophytes evolve to become larger and more complex?
Forming colonies of individual cells
Forming true multicellular bodies through cell differentiation
Becoming multinucleate “supercells” (no cross-walls)
Example of a colonial chlorophyte?
Volvox — a hollow colony of biflagellated cells embedded in a gelatinous matrix
Example of a multinucleate (“supercell”) chlorophyte?
Caulerpa taxifolia — a branched, multinucleate alga with no cell walls between nuclei
Why is Caulerpa taxifolia considered invasive?
Its toxins deter herbivores, and it spreads rapidly where it has no natural predators