Nervous system diseases

Dura Mater

Outer most layer

• adheres to skull

Arachnoid Mater

Middle

• seperated by CSF

Pia mater

Innermost layer

• adheres to brain and spinal cord

Meningitis

inflammation of the meninges

The nervous system has no ______

microbiome

Meningococcal meningitis causative agent

Neisseria meningitidis

• gram negative

• encapsulated

Meningococcal meningitis signs and symptoms

• sudden fever, stiff neck, vomiting

• petechiae

if meningococcal gets into _______ it can cause _____

• bloodstream

• sepsis

Petechiae

small purplish spots on the skin

• indicative of capillary damage

Meningococcal meningitis transmittion

airborne droplets getting inhaled

Meningococcal meningitis bacteria attach to _____ and then multiply

Pili on mucus membranes

Meningococci has a ______ that helps avoid ____

• capsule

• phagocytosis

Meningococci has an endotoxin that leads to

• vasodilation, capillary leakage

• drop in bp and petechiae

Meningococci treatment

antibiotics and vaccine

Neonatal meningitis causative agent

• mainly group b streptococcus

• can also be caused by e.coli or listeria monocytogenes from mother

Neonatal meningitis signs

• increased ICP

• bulging soft spot

• lethargy, trouble feeding, stiff neck

Neonatal meningitis infects the _____ followed by ____

• meninges

• bacteremia

Neonatal meningitis inflammation causes

• increased ICP

• blocked CSF flow

• fluid build up leads to damage to nervous tissue

Neonatal meningitis treatment

antibiotics

_______ can result listeriosis

meningitis

Listeriosis signs

• usually mild or asymptomatic

• fever muscle aches

Pregnant women with listeriosis often ______ or _____

• miscarry

• deliver terminally ill children

babies infected with listeriosis at birth develop ______

meningitis

Listeriosis causative agent

Listeria monocytogenes

• gram positive rod

• facilitative anaerobe

Listeriosis transmission

• contaminated cold foods

• across the placenta

Listeriosis binds to _____ cells and enter the ______

• intestinal cells

• bloodstream

Listeriosis treatment

• antibiotics

• bacteriophages for food

• thoroughly cooking foods

West Nile viral encephalitis causative agent

arboviruses

• envoloped single stranded virus

West Nile viral encephalitis transmition

insects, nites or ticks

Leading cause of epidemic encephalitis is

• West Nile

• mosquitoes

Viral encephalitis signs

• fever, vomiting, possible disorientation, paralysis, deafness and siezures

Sporadic encephalitis is usually due to _____ of ______ _______ infections

• reactivation

• latent herpesvirus

West Nile virus replicates in the skin ______ cells at the site of the bite, they then mirgrate to the _____, where it can spread to other organs

• dendritic

• lymph nodes

If West Nile virus crosses the _______, it can replicate in the ______ and cause damage

• Blood brain barrier

• neurons

West Nile treatment

none known treatment

Toxoplasmosis is a serious problem for ______ and ______

• immunocompromised

• fetuses

Toxoplasmosis causative agent

toxoplasma gondii

• obligate intracellular protozoan

Toxoplasmosis signs

• generally asymptomatic

• fever, sore throat, enlarged lymph nodes and spleen

Cats and other felines are the ______ _____ of Toxoplasmosis in which the organism _______ ________.

• definitive host

• reproduce sexually

Toxoplasmosis transmition

• cat feces

• transplacental

When an infected cat deficates, it releases ______.

oocyst

after an oocyst ________ it becomes _________ to others

• matures

• infectious

Toxoplasmosis treatment

• not treated, medication for immunocompromised

Transmissible Spongiform encephalopathies cause

Prions

Transmissible Spongiform encephalopathies signs

• behavioral changes, muscle involvement, dementia, insomnia, hallucinations

Prions

• lack nucleic acids, protease resistant misfolded version of a protein

Hansen disease is also known as

leprosy

leprosy extreme symptoms

• nerve damage, skin involvement, ulcerations, malformation of fingers and toes, tissue loss, changes in face

Limited disease progression in ________ leprosy

tuberculoid leprosy

_______ leprosy can result in deformed facial features and loss of fingers and toes

lepromatous

Leprosy causative agent

Mycobacterium Leprae

• acid fast rod

• has not grown in the absence of living cells

Leprosy treatment

antimicrobial medication

Leprosy transmition

• respiratory droplets

• direct contact