BJU Making of the Modern World Unit 1 Test - Religion

True

T/F Judaism is an ethnic religion

• Monotheism: one God

  • Holy, creator, separate from creation

  • prohibition of image making

• Covenant with Abraham

  • Renewed with Isaac and with Jacob

What are the core Jewish beliefs?

• Semitic people with language roots

• The Patriarchs (Abraham, Isaac, Jacob)

• Out of the patriarchal period (Abram to Canaan and Jacob to Egypt), from Egypt to Canaan (Exodus and Judges) to establish a kingdom (united under Saul, David, and Solomon, but divided into Israel and Judah)

What are the Jewish origins?

Hebrew

From a verb “to pass over” as in crossing over a river, for Abram, the Euphrates

From an adjective “dusty/dirty” - used to describe a wanderer, outlaw, disconnected from authority. The Canaanites speak of the “Habiru”

Cultural (not political)

What type of accomplishments did the Jews do?

• Monotheism

• Moral teachings of Prophets

• Distinct from other religions

What are the cultural accomplishments of Judaism?

Jewish Diaspora of the Northern kingdom (Israel) — Assyrian attack and captivity

What is unique about the year 722 BC for Judaism?

Jewish Diaspora of the Southern kingdom (Judah) — Nebuchadnezzar, Chaldean emperor from Babylon who destroyed the Temple (Book of Daniel) and took the people captive

What is unique about the 587 BC for Judaism?

Under the Persians (Cyrus)

Under whose control was the Temple rebuilt (Book of Nehemiah and Ezra)

Titus

Who destroyed the second Jewish temple in 70 AD during the rule of Rome?

• Replaced the Temple for worship

• Served as a school for studying Scripture

• Unified a scattered people

• Governed the people

What is unique about the Jewish synagogue?

• Pharisees: quietly disliked Rome

• Sadducees: cooperative with Rome (convinced Rome that Jesus was a Zealot)

• Zealots: openly rebellious of Rome

What are the three Jewish factions

Christianity

Islam

Judaism is considered a root religion, what two other religions springs from Judaism?

Seleacids and Hellenistic forces

Who was the Maccabean revolt (168-164 BC) against?

Jacob

Which of the following was not a king of united Israel?

Solomon

David

Jacob

Saul

nationalists

Zealots could also be called

Pompey

Who brought Palestine under Roman control?

David

Which of the following was not a patriarch?

Jacob

Abraham

David

Isaac

convert

The best definition of proselyte is

Babylon

Who took Judah captive in 587 BC?

Romans destroyed Jerusalem

In the year 70, what happened?

Stephen

First Christian martyr

Constantine

Which ruler legalized Christianity?

legal

Edict of Milan declared Christianity…?

Jews

First group to persecute Christians?

Diocletian

Who started the last great persecution of Christianity?

the ruler

According to the Diet of Augsburg, who determined a state’s religion?

indulgences

What practice in particular angered Luther?

Geneva

Where did John Calvin minister?

priests

To be anticlerical is to be against _______?

an indulgence

A gift of grace to a person in exchange for a gift of money

Luther

Posted the 95 Theses

Medina

In the Hegira, Muhammad fled to…?

a book

The Koren is…?

Abbasids

Baghdad was the capital of the…?

Franks (French)

In 732, who won the Battle of Poitiers?

Koran (Qu’ran)

The holy book of Islam is the?

Umayyads

Damascus was the capital of the…?

nirvana

The goal of a Buddhist is?

gods

Shiva and Vishnu are/were both…?

caste

A person’s birth decides his/her

Aryans

What people group moved into the Indus Valley about 1500 BC?

an epic

The Ramayana is?

Buddha

Who taught the Four Noble Truths?

Legalism

What school of Chinese thought opposed Confucianism?

social order

The goal of Confucius’ teaching was?

education

For Confucius, the best way to improve humanity is through?

evil

According to Legalists, human nature is…?

scholars

The Hundred Schools were groups of…?

civil warfare

What best describes conditions during Confucius’ lifetime?

Creeds (Apostles and Nicene)

God is the creator of Heaven and Earth

All the statements about Jesus

The Church is the bride of Christ

Cloud of Witnesses

What historical statements is Christianity rooted in?

In Antioch (Acts. 11:26)

When were the disciples first called Christians?

God is Creator and Savior

Jesus Christ fulfilled God’s promise to Adam and Even in the Garden

Christ is from the line of Abraham

Fulfilled promises to Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob

What are the core beliefs in Christianity?

• In Jesus Christ’s ministry

• In His disciples’ ministries (Paul, Peter, James, John, etc)

• In the context of the Jewish rebellions

What were the foundations in which Christianity arose?

Josephus

Who recorded the destruction of Jerusalem in AD 70?

• Because of the claim that Jesus is God

• Because of the threat to those holding power

Why was Christianity persecuted by the Jews?

• Because of Christian refusal to honor Roman gods

• treason

• social and political disruptions

Why did the Romans persecute Christianity?

• Nero, AD 64

• Decius, AD 250

• Diocletian, AD 299 (Great Persecution)

Who are the three emperors known for persecuting Christians?

catholic: “universal” church

orthodox: “accepted” beliefs

What is the difference between catholic and orthodox in the Christian sense?

Heterodoxy (heretical)

Means “not accepted”

Issue: the nature of Jesus

Athanasius: Jesus = fully God/man vs. Arius: Jesus is fully man, not God

What was the issue dealt with and who was debating in the Council of Nicaea, AD 325

Petrine Doctrine

The primacy of Rome, views Peter as the 1st bishop

True

T/F Despite Constantine having moved the political capital (330), the Bishop of Rome still controlled the church

1100

• Eastern church = Orthodox church

• Western church = Catholic church

they changed who’s in charge of the church

When did the Eastern church break off from Rome and what two churches formed? What was the primary change?

Persecuted to accepted to regulated to dominant

Progress of acceptance of Christianity

• Monastic reform

• Church reform

• 1512 investigations of medieval church piety

• Dominican monks

What was the context of the Medieval church reform?

• Sacraments

• Indulgences

• Treasury of merit

What are the three traditional church teachings?

• Eucharist

• Baptism

• Confirmation

• Penance

• Extreme Unction

• Holy Orders

• Matrimony

What are the sacraments of the medieval church?

• excusing the temporal payment for sins

• granted in exchange for gifts

What were indulgences?

treasury of merit

the storehouse of good works

• venality, wealth of Church institutions and people

• poor administration of church resources and services, simony, and multiple office holding

• immoral lifestyles

What was the teaching of anticlericalism a protest against?

individual capacity for improvement

What was the emphasis of education during the Reformation?

Tetzel

Was a major seller of indulgences who said “Once the cofer rings, the soul to heaven springs.”

Martin Luther

• Augustian monk

• Studied theology

• “The just shall live by faith”

• Directly opposed indulgences

• 95 Theses

• Diet of Worms

“name” is released from “number” days/weeks/hours in purgatory.

How would an indulgence work?

salvation by faith alone (not by works)

what is “sola fide”?

Pope Leo X issues Papal Bull in 1520

Who excommunicated Luther?

• Luther takes into protective custody

• Translate the N.T. to German

• Division of princes into Protestant and Catholic camps

• Peasant’s Revolt (1524-1525) was connected to Protestantism)

What was the consequences of the Diet of Worms?

• Authority of Scripture: obscured by Church tradition

• Justification by faith: obscured by teaching about works to pay for physical punishment.

• Individual priesthood of the believer: obscured by a specialized priesthood.

What was the truth uncovered by Luther’s teachings?

• Sola fide - by faith alone

• Sola scripture - by Scripture alone

• Sola gratia - by grace alone

• Solus Christus - Christ alone

• Soli deo gloria - glory to God alone

What were the 5 solas?

• Warfare

  • France, England, the Holy Roman Empire

• Divided Christianity

  • Catholic, Lutheran (Evangelical), Reformed (Calvinism), Anabaptist

• (Eventually) Religious toleration

  • For pluralist communities

What were the direct consequences of the Reformation?

• Out of the Bedouin tribes of the Arabian Peninsula

• Out of an illiterate society

Where did Islam come out of?

Islam (Muslim is one who submits)

Means “submission to God”

Made Arabic a literary language

United Arabs politically and culturally

• Muhammad, ca. 570-632 — a merchant

• Believed he received visions

  • One god: Allah is good, all-powerful

  • He will judge all men

  • Men should exercise charity

Who was the founder of Islam and what did he believe?

mid-7th c.

When was the Qur’an written?

1. Proclamation (shahada): there is no god but Allah and Mohammad is his prophet.

2. Prayer (salat): 5 times a day facing Mecca

3. Alms (zakat)

4. Fasting (sawm): during Ramadan

5. Pilgrimage (hajj): to Mecca

What are the 5 pillars of Islam?

622

When was Muhammad’s Hegira to Medina?

Hegira

The start of the Muslim calendar

• Shias: more religious, strict, leaders more from religious leaders/family

• Sunnis: more secular, leaders more from military/political positions

Difference the Shias and Sunnis?

Damascus

What was the Umayyad caliphate’s capital?

Byzantines in the East and Franks (French) in the West

Who stopped the Umayyad caliphate’s expansion into the West and East?

Baghdad

What was the Abbasid’s caliphate’s capital?

• Settlements on the Indus River. A sophisticated civilization

• Aryan migration (ca. 1500 BC) from Central Asia settled in the Indus Valley and across the Ganges Plain and pushed other people southward

• Aryan where those who worship the gods of the Brahmans

How did Hinduism begin?

Sanskirt

What was the language of the Aryans?

• Priests

• Warriors/princes

• Merchants/farmers

• workers

What were the four varnas (social orders)?

Jati (“birth”)

• Refers to the kinship group

• English term - “caste” - “closed class”

• An endogamous group with similar occupation, religious customs, and dietary practices

• Each level formed communities within a town or village

little to none

How much social mobility does Hinduism allow?

Hinduism

One of the oldest ethnic religions

• Rig Veda - hymns and poems

• Upanishads (8th century BC)

Where does Hinduism’s earliest religious traditions come from?

• Atman: the individual personal soul; small broken piece from Brahman

• Brahman: overarching universal soul

What is the connection between the atman and the Brahman?