Earth Science Regents Review

oblate spheroid

Shape of earth

As pressure increases

Density increases

As temperature increases

Density decreases

Kinetic energy

Energy Of motion, increases with velocity

Potential energy

Stored or at rest, Increases with height

Latitude lines

Go east to West (0-90), use minutes to Locate in between lines

Longitude lines

Go north to south, Tells you what time zone you’re in

Close isolines

Steep Slope or gradient

Altitude of Polaris

Equal to latitude

Sedimentary rocks

Flat layers, May contain fossils

Igneous rocks: Small crystals

cools fast

Igneous rocks: Large crystals

Cools slow

Metamorphic rocks

Banding-Distorted structure

Mineral properties

Depend on internal arrangements of atoms

Water

Expands when it Freezes, Densest At 4°C When it’s a liquid

Gravity

main force of erosion

Streams

Where erosion occurs most

Glacial sediments

Unsorted, scratched, U shaved valley

stream deposits

Sorted, Round and smooth, V Shape valley

arid landscape

Steep slopes

Humid landscape

Smooth, Rounded slopes

Permeability

How easy water can get through , Increases as particle size increases

Porosity

Amount of water with spaces

Capillarity

Movement of water within holes, decreases increasing particle size

Stream velocity

Depends on slope and discharge

Meander Bend

Curves in water streams

Velocity

Faster on outside (deeper, more erosion) of meander Bend, Slower on inside (shallow has more deposition)

Deposition

water, Wind, Glaciers

particles

largest particles Drop first during deposition, smaller particles drop last

Isostacy

Earth crust in equilibrium

Mid ocean Ridges

where new crust is created, sea floor spreads

where do earth quakes and volcanoes occur

along cristal plate boundaries

how do mountains formed

Earths surface rises due to tectonic forces, folding when rock layers bend under pressure, and faulting due to fractures in Earth's crust where rocks slide past each other.

chemical weathering

occurs in warm humid climates

weathering

breaks down rocks and minerals

Trenches

Destroys crust

erosion

moves rocks and minerals

deposition

drops rocks and minerals, size density shape effect this

Humid landscapes

Smooth with rounded slopes

The closer air temp is to dewpoint

Greater chance of precipitation

Stationary front

Doesn’t really move behaves like a warm front

Where are solar system is located

Outer arms of Milky Way galaxy

Coriolis effect

curving of moving objects (like wind or ocean currents) due to Earth’s rotation

Rotation on axis

One day

Revolution around sun

One year

Elevation of Sun

sun is high up (short shadow)=Summer, Sun is low (long shadow)=Winter, Sun is in the middle= Spring/Fall

P waves

travels through solids and liquids, Faster

Moon Revolution around earth

One month

aphileon

Point on orbit farthest from sun

S waves

Only travels through solids, slower

Convection currents

In the mantle, Moves The plates

Crosscutting relationship

Conclusions and faults that are younger than The Rock they are in

Unconformity

Erosional surface

Element Uranium 238

Dates, old rocks

Element carbon 14

Dates recent rock, once living objects

Conduction

Energy transferred through molecule to molecule through collisions

Convection

Energy transferred through fluids due to density differences

Radiation

Energy transferred through space, ex. UV lights

Infrared

Has long wavelength

Carbon dioxide and water vapor

Absorb infrared radiation

Polaris

Northstar, In northern hemisphere

Good absorbers Of radiation

Good radiators

As temperature increases

Air pressure decreases

As moisture In the air increases

Air pressure decreases

Air pressure

Decreases With altitude

High-pressure systems

Cool and dry

Low pressure systems

Warm and wet

Cause of wind

Air pressure differences

Wind

Named for the direction is coming from, Blows from high to low pressure

High-pressure

Go out (divergence)and clockwise

Low pressure

Goes in (convergence) encounter clockwise

The closer the air temp is to dewpoint temp

Greater chance of precipitation

Warm air

Rises, then cools as it gets higher in the atmosphere

Winward

Cool and wet

Leeward

Warm and dry

Orographic effect

Air Forced over mountains, cools and condenses on Windward side, causing Leeward side to be warm and dry

Cold front

Cold air pushes under warm air, causing the warm air to rise, can cause precipitation

Warm front

Warm air slides over cold air, causing Light rain followed by warm weather

Occluded front

A cold front catches up to warm front, lifting with the warm air off the ground

Earth rotation

Rotates west to east 15°/hr

Earth revolution

1°/day

Lunar eclipse

Can occur during a full moon, Moon is in earth shadow

Solar eclipse

Can occur during a new moon, Sun is blocked by moon

Summer solstice

June 21, Sun rises north of The tropic of cancer

Winter solstice

December 21, Sun rises south of Tropic of Capricorn

Equinoxes

March 21, September 23, sunrises on vertical ray of equator

Equator

Has 12 hours of daylight

Seasons

Caused by tilt of earths axis (23.5)

Evidence earth rotates

Coriolis effect and foucalts pendulum

North hemisphere Tilt

North hemisphere tilted towards sun= Summer, North hemisphere tilted away from sun= Winter

The closer planet is to the sun

The faster orbit

Geocentric

Earth centered universe

Heliocentric

Sun center universe

direct relationship

x increases y axis stays the same

as you go east

time increases

as you go west

time decreases