Properties of Matter: Volume, Mass, and Chemical Changes

Matter

Anything that has mass and takes up space.

Volume

The amount of space taken up by an object.

Mass

A measure of the amount of matter in an object.

Weight

A measure of the gravitational force exerted on an object.

Meniscus

The curve at a liquid's surface by which one measures the volume of the liquid.

Liquid Volume

The volume of a liquid measured in liters (L) or milliliters (mL).

1 L

The SI unit for volume, equivalent to 1,000 mL.

Lake Erie Volume

About 483 trillion liters (483,000,000,000,000 L) of water.

Canned Drink Volume

An ordinary canned drink has a volume of 0.355 L.

Graduated Cylinder

A tool used to measure liquid volume when accuracy is needed.

Lowest Point of Meniscus

The point from which volume should be measured for most liquids.

Curved Surface of Liquid

The surface of a liquid in any container is curved.

Volume Measurement Technique

Measure volume by noting where on the container's scale the lowest point of the meniscus is.

Volume Comparison

Two units used to express volume are liters (L) and milliliters (mL).

Physical World Structure

Understanding matter and its units helps comprehend the structure of the physical world.

Venn Diagram

A graphic organizer to compare volume and mass.

Density Calculation

Students know how to calculate the density of substances from measurements of mass and volume.

CD Volume Example

Once your CD storage rack is filled with CDs, you cannot fit another CD in the rack.

Dust Volume

Even the tiniest piece of dust takes up space.

Volume of Objects

Your fingers, the continent of Africa, and a cloud have volume.

Space Occupation

Two objects cannot occupy the same space at the same time.

Measurement Accuracy

Graduated cylinders provide more accurate measurements than measuring cups.

Liquid Measurement

Volume should be measured from the lowest point of the meniscus.

Cubic Units

Units used to express volume, such as cubic meters (m3) and cubic centimeters (cm3).

Volume of a Solid Object

Expressed in cubic units, indicating three dimensions.

Volume Formula for Rectangular Objects

V = l × w × h, where V is volume, l is length, w is width, and h is height.

Area of Base

Calculated as length times width for rectangular objects.

Volume Equation Using Area

V = A × h, where A is area and h is height.

Volume of a Box Example

If the base area is 5 cm2 and height is 2 cm, then volume = 5 cm2 × 2 cm = 10 cm3.

Rearranging Volume Equation for Area

Area = volume ÷ height.

Rearranging Volume Equation for Height

Height = volume ÷ area.

Water Displacement

A method to find the volume of an irregularly shaped solid by measuring the rise in water level.

Displacement Definition

The process of an object pushing water out of the way, equal to the object's volume.

Volume of Water Displaced

Equal to the volume of the object submerged in water.

Volume Measurement for Floating Objects

Requires another object to hold the floating object underwater for accurate measurement.

Volume Units for Solids

Should not be given in liters or milliliters.

Volume of a 12-sided Object Example

If it displaces 4.0 mL of water, its volume is 4.0 cm3.

Volume of a Brick with Holes

Measured using water displacement, accounting for the volume of the holes.

Volume of a Cube Example

A cube with length, width, and height of 1 m has a volume of 1 m3.

Volume of a Suitcase Example

If height is 20 cm and volume is 0.095 m3, find the area of the base.

Volume of a CD Case Example

If volume is 176.08 cm3, height is 1.0 cm, and width is 12.4 cm, find the length.

Volume of a Book Example

If the area is 450 cm2 and height is 4 cm, calculate the book's volume.

Correct Units for Volume

Always use cubic units for volume measurements.

Displacement

A method to find the volume of an object by measuring the change in water level when the object is submerged.

Gravitational Force

The force that attracts an object towards the center of the Earth, dependent on the object's mass.

Kilogram

The SI unit of mass.

Gram

A unit of mass equal to one thousandth of a kilogram.

Milligram

A unit of mass equal to one thousandth of a gram.

Newton

The SI unit of force.

Spring Scale

A device used to measure weight.

Balance

An instrument used to measure mass.

Mass Consistency

Mass remains constant regardless of the object's location.

Weight Variation

Weight can change depending on the object's location relative to Earth.

Example of Mass

You and a peanut are made of matter, but you have greater mass than a peanut.

Example of Weight

An object weighs less on the moon than on Earth due to the moon's lesser gravitational force.

Volume Measurement

Expressed in milliliters (mL) or cubic centimeters (cm³).

Mass Measurement

Expressed in kilograms (kg), grams (g), and milligrams (mg).

Weight Measurement

Expressed in newtons (N).

Relationship Between Mass and Weight

Objects with large masses do not always have large weights; weight depends on gravitational force.

Example of Volume Calculation

If a nugget of gold is added to a graduated cylinder containing 85 mL of water and the level rises to 225 mL, the volume of the gold nugget is 140 mL.

SI Unit of Force

One newton is equal to the weight on Earth of an object whose mass is about 100 g.

SI unit of volume

Liter (L).

SI unit of mass

Kilogram (kg).

Physical property

A characteristic that can be observed or measured without changing the matter's identity.

Density

The amount of matter in a given space or volume.

Physical change

A change that does not change the identity of the matter that undergoes the change.

Examples of physical changes

Melting, freezing, cutting, bending, and dissolving.

Identifying Physical Properties

The questions about characteristics such as color, odor, mass, and volume help identify an object.

Magnetism

A physical property that can help identify ways to use a substance.

Electrical conductivity

A physical property that can help identify ways to use a substance.

Strength

A physical property that can help identify ways to use a substance.

Flexibility

A physical property that can help identify ways to use a substance.

Predicting flotation

Students know how to predict whether an object will float or sink.

Melting temperature

A property by which substances can be classified.

Hardness

A property by which substances can be classified.

Thermal conductivity

A property by which substances can be classified.

Volume of B1

36 m² base area and 4 m height.

Volume of B2

16 m² base area and 9 m height.

Volume of B3

Area of the base A is to be determined.

Elephant's weight comparison

Compare an elephant's weight on the moon with its weight on Earth.

Units for density

Consist of a mass unit divided by a volume unit, commonly grams per cubic centimeter (g/cm3) for solids and grams per milliliter (g/mL) for liquids.

Solubility

The ability of a substance to dissolve in another substance.

State

The physical form in which a substance exists, such as a solid, liquid, or gas.

Ductility

The ability of a substance to be pulled and made into wire.

Malleability

The ability of a substance to be rolled or pounded into various shapes without breaking.

Density of a substance

Remains the same regardless of the amount of substance, e.g., the density of 1 cm3 of a substance is equal to the density of 1 km3 of that substance.

Example of density

Lead is very dense, so it makes a good sinker for a fishing line.

Example of solubility

Flavored drink mix dissolves in water.

Example of ductility

Copper is often used to make wire because it is ductile.

Example of malleability

Aluminum can be rolled into foil sheets.

Density comparison

A golf ball is denser than a table-tennis ball because the golf ball contains more matter in a similar volume.

Density of water

If the density of an object is less than the density of water, the object will float.

Density of helium

Density of helium gas is less than that of air.

Density of zinc

Density of zinc solid is higher than that of water.

Density of oxygen

Density of oxygen gas is less than that of water.

Density of silver

Density of silver solid is higher than that of water.

Density of lead

Density of lead solid is higher than that of water.

Density of pyrite

Density of pyrite solid is higher than that of water.

Density of mercury

Density of mercury liquid is higher than that of water.

Calculating density

Density can be calculated using the formula: Density = Mass/Volume.