Lecture 2-6 History of Viruses

Nucleic Acid Genome

Genetic material of the virus (can be either DNA or RNA)

Capsid

Protein shell that encloses the viral genome

Envelope

Additional layeer surrounding capsid (made up of lipids and has proteins for attachment)

First written record of virus

3700 BC, temple priest Ruma signs of polio virus

Which virus does not replicate in the nucleus ?

Smallpox

What obsolete method of immunity was developed in china by the smallpox endemic?

Variolation (patients were immunized by eing infected with patches of patients with a mild of form of disease)

In 1520 what happened

Hernando Cortez introduced smallpox and infected 3.5 mil Aztecs in 2 yrs

In 1796 what happened to 8 yr old James Phipps

Edward Jenner vaccinated an 8 yr old with cowpox lesion and he later developed smallpox which he recovered from

What is technically the start of virology?

Russian botanist Dimitri Iwanowski's experiments about diseased tobacco plants

Who discovers bacteriophages following Frederick Twort's work?

Felix d'Herelle (discovers "eaters of bacteria")

What did Francoise Barre-Sinoussi and Luc Montagnier discover (virus)

HIV, Luc later worked with Robert Charles Gallo and discovered AIDS comes from HIV

What did Charlie M Rice discover

Hepatitis C Virus ( Baruch Blumberg discovers Hepatitis B years earlier in 1976)

What did Jennifer Doudna and Emmanuelle Charpentier create (tech)

CRISPER technology

Katalin Kariko and Drew Weissman made what advancement in COVID-19

Nucleoside base modifications which led to more effective mRNA vaccines

Dorothy Horstmann discovered what about polio

That polio virus travels via the bloodstream to reach the brain

June Almeida is the first to

discover the coronavirus (before pandemic/ different variant)

Howard Temin and David Baltimore independently discovered

reverse transcriptase in retroviruses

Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase made what contribution using bacteriophages

used bacteriophages to demonstrate DNA was the genetic material

Who discovered polio vaccine

Jonas Salk

Who shows that when TMV RNA and coat proteins were mixed, virus particles formed spontaneously

Heinz Fraenkel-Conrat and R.C. Williams

Alfred Hershey and Salvador Luria found what mutates

bacteriophages

Who led the first vaccine imitative for the yellow fever virus using chick embryos

Max Theiler

"Father of Virology", called and agent that could reproduce in host a "contagious living liquid"

Martinus Beijerinck

Classic vs Alternative Splicing

Classic splicing removes introns while alternative splicing allows for various combinations of exons.

Which viruses make use of polyproteins?

Poliovirus and Hepatitis C (+ssRNA)

What is cap-snatching and which viruses use it?

Steals host mRNA caps (Influenza) and degrades host mRNA (Herpes and Pox)