Everything Regeneration

Primary Sector

the direct extraction of materials from Earth's surface, generally through agriculture, although sometimes by mining, fishing, and forestry.

Secondary Sector

manufacturing products through processing, transforming, and assembling raw materials.

Tertiary Sector

transportation, communications, and utilities, sometimes extended to the provision of all goods and services to people in exchange for payment.

Quaternary Sector

Service sector industries concerned with the collection, processing, and manipulation of information and capital. Examples include finance, administration, insurance, and legal services.

Quinary Sector

Service sector industries that require a high level of specialized knowledge or technical skill. Examples include scientific research and high-level management.

Zero-hours contract

A contract that does not guarantee any particular number of hours' work

life expectancy in the UK

77 years for men
82 years for women

Factors that influence life expectancy

gender, heredity, environment, culture, health habits, occupation, education

Index of Multiple Deprivation (IMD)

a government measure of how deprived areas are based on:
income
employment
health deprivation or disability
crime
access to housing
environment

limits of deprivation index

An index cannot include every variable in the world. Variables that are hard to measure may not be included (e.g. stress levels). There are also value judgements about which variables to include

what is the function of a place

The function of a place is the main reason why a settlement was built or continues to exist. This can change over time and this changes the characteristics of a place.

What are the four functions of a place

Commercial
Administrative
Industrial
Retail

Gentrification

A process of converting an urban neighborhood from a predominantly low-income renter-occupied area to a predominantly middle-class owner-occupied area.

Examples of gentrified areas

Shoreditch, Brixton

reasons for changes in places

- planning restrictions
- clone high streets
- transportation e.g. Elizabeth line / hs2
- Digital revolution

how to measure changes in places

- employment trends
- demographic changes
- levels of deprivation
- land use changes

National and regional influences on a place

- transport and infrastructure
- politics
- nearby urban areas

international and global influences on a place

- tourism
- international trade agreements
- the EU
- migration
- twinning arrangements
- international airports

historic influences on places

- perception and image
- influences on people's identity
- historic features
- historic ethnic composition

informal methods of affecting the representation of places

- development agencies
- tourist boards
- advertising agencies

formal methods of affecting representation

- government representations
- data
- GIS (google earth, google maps)

factors affecting attachment

- stage of life cycle
- studentification
- length of residence
- gender
- memories
- ethnicity and shared culture

factors affecting decision to vote

- language barriers
- lack of trust in all politicians
- 'why bother'
- lack of a sense of community
- unlikely to matter

community groups influences

- NIMBY (not in my backyard)
- fundraising and vulnerable people groups
- school / allotment committees
- neighbourhood watch

Who is least likely to vote?

low income, black, and young people in urban areas

positive effects of migrants

- economic growth
- cultural diversity
- fill skill shortages
- usually from a desirable tax-paying demographic
- students who might contribute important research

negative effects of migrants

- pressure on services
- employed over British workers

example of deregulation

Margaret Thatcher 1986 deregulation of the financial services sector
- more FDI
- 2008 financial crisis caused by a failure to regulate banks

characteristics of successful regions

- attracts people
- good transport and infrastructure
- few areas suffering deprivation
- problems such as high property prices, congestion, skills shortages

how does perception of success vary

younger people enjoy faster paced life and a range of job opportunities

retirees may prefer a slower pace and prioritise access to healthcare

characteristics of unsuccessful regions

- declining investment
- high rates of deprivation and deindustrialisation
- negative perceptions
- poor education
- ageing populations
- negative multiplier effect / spiral of decline

areas in need of regeneration

- gated communities
- sink estates
- commuter villages
- declining rural settlements

tension and conflict in society

- frustration about position in society
- discrimination and prejudice
- marginalised groups
- social polarisation
- political views
- regeneration priorities

qualitative methods for evaluating regeneration

- photographs
- postcards and paintings
- written documents
- tv documentaries
- interviews and questionnaires
- social media sources

quantitative methods of evaluation

- census data
- index of multiple deprivation
- labour force surveys

UK gov regeneration policies

- 'planning gain'
- national infrastructure (hs2, airports, broadband, motorways)
- energy (cuadrilla)
- regulation (conservation, green belt land)

recent uk regeneration policies

- Local Enterprise Partnerships (LEPs)
- local councils
- flagship buildings
- regional development agencies (RDAs)
- house building targets

local gov regeneration policies

- competition
- science parks
- new roads and transport infrastructure

What are interest groups?

a group of people that seeks to influence public policy on the basis of a particular common interest or concern.

regeneration strategies - urban areas

- sport led
- retail led
- tourism / leisure led
- culture led

regeneration strategies - rural areas

- tourism / leisure led
- media led
- culture led
- sport led

Urban rebranding strategies

- industrial history museums
- conversions
- old canal basins and river quaysides

Rural rebranding strategies

- unusual animals
- non-food crops
- farm shops
- campsites
- outdoor activities
- festivals
- woodland
- ecovillages

success of regeneration measures

- environment (quality, green space, safety, noise, litter, congestion)
- economic (increased income, changes in employment)
- social (net migration, demographic change, reduction in inequality, education)

examples of stakeholders

- residents
- local businesses
- property developers
- national government
- local government