THE CYTOPLASM & NUCLEUS | A & P

cytoplasm

the material or protoplasm within a living cell, excluding the nucleus.

nucleus

A part of the cell containing DNA and RNA and responsible for growth and reproduction

Endoplasmic Reticulum

A system of membranes that is found in a cell's cytoplasm and that assists in the production, processing, and transport of proteins and in the production of lipids.

ribosome

Cytoplasmic organelles at which proteins are synthesized.

Golgi apparatus

A system of membranes that modifies and packages proteins for export by the cell

lysosome

cell organelle filled with enzymes needed to break down certain materials in the cell

autophagy

A process in which lysosomes decompose damaged organelles to reuse their organic monomers

autolysis

the spontaneous breakdown of cells as they self-digest

Mitochondrion

A membrane‐bound organelle found in most eukaryotic cells; site of cellular respiration.

peroxisome

A microbody containing enzymes that transfer hydrogen from various substrates to oxygen, producing and then degrading hydrogen peroxide.

Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)

a group of extremely reactive peroxides and oxygen-containing radicals that may contribute to cellular damage

mutation

change in a DNA sequence that affects genetic information

cytoskeleton

network of protein filaments within some cells that helps the cell maintain its shape and is involved in many forms of cell movement

microtubule

A hollow rod composed of tubulin proteins that makes up part of the cytoskeleton in all eukaryotic cells and is found in cilia and flagella.

cilia

Hairlike projections that extend from the plasma membrane and are used for locomotion

flagellum

A long, whiplike structure that helps a cell to move

centriole

structure in an animal cell that helps to organize cell division

microfilament

a fiber found inside eukaryotic cells that is composed mainly of the protein actin and that has a role in cell structure and movement

intermediate filament

A component of the cytoskeleton that includes filaments intermediate in size between microtubules and microfilaments.

nuclear envelope

A double membrane that surrounds the nucleus in the cell

nuclear pore

a protein-lined channel in the nuclear envelope that regulates the transportation of molecules between the nucleus and the cytoplasm

nucleolus

Found inside the nucleus and produces ribosomes

chromatin

dna and proteins that condenses to make up chromosomes

chromosome

Any of the usually linear bodies in the cell nucleus that are made up of DNA and proteins and are visible during cell division

gene

sequence of DNA that codes for a protein and thus determines a trait

DNA replication

the process of making a copy of DNA

DNA polymerase

principle enzyme involved in DNA replication

gene expression

process by which a gene produces its product and the product carries out its function

triplet code

3 bases of DNA that code for a single amino acid

protein synthesis

the formation of proteins by using information contained in DNA and carried by mRNA

transcription

synthesis of an RNA molecule from a DNA template

mRNA

messenger RNA; type of RNA that carries instructions from DNA in the nucleus to the ribosome

RNA polymerase

principle enzyme involved in transcription

codon

three-nucleotide sequence on messenger RNA that codes for a single amino acid

translation

the process whereby genetic information coded in messenger RNA directs the formation of a specific protein at a ribosome in the cytoplasm

tRNA

transfer RNA; type of RNA that carries amino acids to the ribosome

anticodon

a sequence of three nucleotides forming a unit of genetic code in a transfer RNA molecule, corresponding to a complementary codon in messenger RNA.