AP WORLD VOCAB - ALL UNITS

study terms for the final ap world exam :)

Aryans

nomads from Europe and Asia who migrated to India and finally settled; started the caste system

Vedas

Collections of hymns, songs, prayers, and rituals honoring the various gods of the Aryans.

Caste System

A Hindu social class system that controlled every aspect of daily life

Brahmins

Priests, at the top of the caste system in Hindu culture

Kshatriyas

rulers and warriors in Hindu culture

Vaishyas

farmers, traders, and merchants in Hindu culture

Shudras

laborers in Hindu culture

Dalit

"untouchables"; did dirty jobs that no one else wanted to do in Hindu culture

Upanishads

A major book in Hinduism that is often in the form of dialogues that explored the Vedas and the religious issues that they raised.

Brahman

World soul-single divine power in Hinduism that is in everything and surrounds everyone

Atma

Individual souls; will eventually rejoin Brahman

Samsara

Reincarnation/Cycle of Rebirth

Karma

Good and bad deeds that influence a person's next life (in Hinduism)

Moksha

Goal of Hinduism: attain liberation by one's atma joining the Brahman

Siddhartha Gautama

Founder of Buddhism

Buddha

Means "Enlightened One." He is said to have found a path for overcoming suffering. Siddhartha Gautama.

Four Noble Truths

1. All life involves suffering
2. Desire is the cause of suffering
3. The elimination of desire, ends suffering
4. Leading a disciplined life according to the Eightfold Path eliminates desire

Eightfold Path

In Buddhism, the basic rules of behavior and belief leading to an end of suffering

Enlightenment (Buddhism)

the complete abandonment physical pleasures. The benefit, now cannot feel physical pain or loss, since one has accepted that his body is just a casket that he will shed upon death and reincarnation.

Middle Way (Buddhism)

Nothing to excess, not too little or too much

Nirvana

The state of enlightenment for Buddhists.

Theravada Buddhism

Buddhist sect that focuses on a monastic lifestyle; older, more traditional; Gods/supernatural beings were not a large part of the sect

Monastic life

Living as a monk or nun in a religious community

Bodhisattva

a person who has attained enlightenment but who has postponed nirvana in order to help others achieve enlightenment

Tibetan Buddhism

Blend of Mahayana Buddhism, Hinduism, and traditional Tibetan practices. Uses special teachers called Lamas, emphasizes awareness and preparedness for death.

Warring States Period

A time in Chinese history when conflicting regions faced each other in conflicts; 476-221 BC

Confucius

Founder of Confucianism

The Analects

Collection of sayings and ideas attributed to the Chinese philosopher Confucius; considered one of the most important texts of Confucianism

Ren

An attitude of kindness and benevolence or a sense of humanity for Confucianism.

Li

Called for individuals to behave in conventionally appropriate fashion in Confucianism.

Xiao

filial piety; respect and care for parents and ancestors

5 relationships of Confucianism

-Father/Son
-Brother/Brother
-Husband/Wife
-Ruler/Subject
-Friend/Friend

Daoism

A religion in China which emphasizes the removal from society and to become one with nature.

Laozi

Founder of Daoism

Daodeijing

Important text of Daoism; "The Way and its Power"

Wuwei

Daoist concept of a disengagement from the affairs of the world; doing nothing is the best form of action

Legalism

a Chinese philosophy that stressed the importance of government and laws; ended the Warring States period!

Han Feizi

Founder of Legalism

Civil Service Exam

In China, it was an exam based on Confucian teachings that was used to select people for various government service jobs in the bureaucracy.

Civil Service Bureaucrats

People that passed the Civil Service Exam and took their place as bureaucrats within Chinese society.

Abrahamic Faiths

Christianity, Judaism, Islam

Judaism

the monotheistic religion of the Jews.

Abraham

Founder of Judaism

Torah

First five books of the Hebrew Bible

10 Commandments

the 10 laws given by God to Moses

The Covenant

The promise that God would offer protection and land to Abraham and his descendants, but they must follow the path of God.

Jerusalem

A city in the Holy Land, regarded as sacred by Christians, Muslims, and Jews.

Monotheism

belief in only one god

Diasporic Communities

Widely dispersed community as a result of natural disaster, politics or other reasons. Many communities have become diasporic throughout time starting with the Jews of Babylon in ancient history

Christianity

A monotheistic system of beliefs and practices based on the Old Testament and the teachings of Jesus as embodied in the New Testament and emphasizing the role of Jesus as savior.

Jesus

Founder of Christianity

The Bible

The holy book of Christianity

Muhammad Ibn Abdullah

founder and prophet of Islam

Quran

The holy book of Islam

Mecca

Holy city of Islam

Medina

2nd holiest city of Islam

Arabia

a peninsula in the Middle East; cradle of Islam

Umma

The term for all Muslims as a community.

Five Pillars

The basic tenets of Islam: Allah is the only god and Muhammad is his prophet; pray to Allah five times a day facing Mecca; fast during the month of Ramadan; pay alms for the relief of the weak and the poor; take a hajj to Mecca

Hajj

Pilgrimage to Mecca

Jihad

the obligation incumbent on all Muslims to follow and realize God's will

Sharia Law

the system of Islamic law, based on interpretation of the Qu'ran

Veiling

Muslim practice of wearing a hijab or veil

Ulama

Islamic religious scholars

Madrassas

Islamic schools that helped provide unity in the empire (students learned similar material, religion, Arabic, interpretation of the Quran)

Mosques

Islamic houses of worship

Arabic

language of Islam

Sunni

A branch of Islam whose members believe that the caliph should be chosen by leadership of the Islamic community

Shia

the branch of Islam whose members believed that the caliph should be a descendant of Muhammad

Sufi

More mystical third sect of Islam; less legalistic; MISSIONARIES!

Dar al-Islam

an Arabic term that means the "house of Islam" and that refers to lands under Islamic rule

Umayyad Caliphate

(661-750 CE) The Islamic caliphate that conquered North Africa, the Iberian Pennisula, Southwest Asia, and Persia, and had a bureaucracy with only Arab Muslims able to be a part of it.

Damascus

Capital of the Umayyad Caliphate

Dhimmi

Literally "people of the book"; applied as inclusive term to Jews and Christians in Islamic territories

Malawi

People who converted to Islam

Jizya

Religious tax imposed on non-Muslims living in Islamic empires

Baghdad

Capital of Abbasid Caliphate

House of Wisdom

Place of learning and research in the Abbasid Caliphate-scholars came from all over the world; the library collected texts from everywhere and allowed for the accumulation of knowledge in Afro-Eurasia

Qadis

Islamic judges

Thousand and One Nights

Popular collection of Muslim folktales

Nasir al-Din al-Tusi

Celebrated Islamic scholar during the "golden age" of Islam in Baghdad. He made contributions to astronomy (observatory & astronomical charts) law, ethics, mathematics, philosophy and medicine.

Aishah al-Ba'uniyyah

A Sufi master and poet. She is one of few medieval female Islamic mystics to have recorded their own views in writing.

Cloistering

constraining women to their homes; only allowing them to be in public with their husbands/other male family members

Lateen sail dhow

more maneuverable ships that could travel against the wind.

Astrolabe

An instrument used by sailors to determine their location by observing the position of the stars and planets

Camel Caravan

large groups of people that used camels and caravans to travel across the African desert; utilized for the trading of goods and also carried religion

Caravanserai

inn or rest station for caravans/camels

Al-Andalus

Islamic Spain

Cordoba

the capital of al-Andalus

Seljuk Turks

Nomadic horseman from Central Asia who had converted to Islam
-Usurped the power of the Caliph
-Continue military expansion

Mamluk Sultanate

Slave soldiers from Central Asia (Turks) overthrew regional rulers and established their own state around 1250; "mamluk"--slave

Delhi Sultanate

Sultanate that did not extend far outside of Delhi; very large and powerful army; worked with Hindu kings to carry out policies

Sui Dynasty

(589-618) Chinese dynasty that followed legalism, had lots of infrastructure projects (palaces, granaries, Great Wall, GRAND CANAL); conscription labor and high taxes

Grand Canal

The 1,100-mile (1,700-kilometer) waterway linking the Yellow and the Yangzi Rivers. Completed during the Sui Empire, used for military purposes (transport/shipping lanes)

Great Zimbabwe

A powerful state in the African interior that apparently emerged from the growing trade in gold to the East African coast; flourished between 1250 and 1350 C.E.

Conscription labor

Forced labor of peasants in the Sui Dynasty that was used to build infrastructure (Grand Canal); caused hatred towards the government

Tang Dynasty

(618-907 CE) The Chinese dynasty who used Confucianism. This dynasty had the equal-field system, a bureaucracy based on merit, and a Confucian education system.

Tributary System

A system first established during the Han Dynasty to regulate contact with foreign powers. States and tribes beyond its borders sent envoys bearing gifts and received gifts in return.

Champa Rice

Quick-maturing rice that can allow two harvests in one growing season. Originally introduced into Champa from India, it was later sent to China as a tribute gift by the Champa state (as part of the tributary system.)

Wu Zhao/Wu Zetian

The first empress of the Tang dynasty; led with an iron fist and squashed her enemies so that no one would question her authority.