AP World Unit 4

4.1: List some of the tech innovations of 1450-1750 that facilitated oceanic exploration and trade:

• Caravel: Allowed sailors to survive storms better

• Compass: Better navigation

• Astrolabe: Helped figure out how far north or south a ship was

• Cartography: Better maps for navigation

• Increased knowledge of wind patterns

4.1: What were the 4 demographic pressures that resulted in European exploration and trade?

• As the population grew, not all people could find work or food. They needed new opportunities.

• Not all sons of wealthy families could own land because of primogeniture laws that gave everything to the first son

• Religious minorities searched for places to settle where people were tolerant

• Some people just longed adventure and glory

4.1: In the 16th century why did more Europeans become active in the Indian Ocean, despite long standing knowledge of land routes?

The alluring pursuit of wealth and converting individuals to Christianity.

4.1: What was the Omani-European Rivalry?

An example of the competition that European traders faced from Middle Eastern traders. This rivalry was between the Portuguese and the kingdom of Oman, who had repeatedly attempted to remove Portuguese forts.

4.1: What did the Europeans get from each part of the world and what did this trade turn these empires into?

From the Americas they got sugar, tobacco, and rum. From Africa they got enslaved people. From Asia they got silk, spices, and rhubarb. This extensive transoceanic trade helped turn these empires into maritime empires.

4.1: What was Al-Andalus?

A location in Europe where Islamic ideas diffused into Europe.

4.1: What was so great about the naval technology being developed by European countries at this time?

These technologies were being developed with ideas from Islamic and Asian scholars, whose knowledge was being shared through cross cultural interactions that resulted from trade networks.

4.1: What did Portuguese Prince Henry the Navigator do?

His financing of expeditions along Africa Atlantic Coast and around the Cape of Good Hope allowed Portugal to explore African coastal communities and kingdoms before any other European powers.

4.1: What were some advance in ideas of tech at this time?

• The discovery of gravity increase knowledge of the tides. This meant sailors could reliably predict the tides.

• People began keeping increasingly accurate records on the direction and intensity of the wind, allowing them to sail with greater confidence.

• Improvement in cartography and astronomical maps helped determine locations.

4.1: What were some significant advances in tech?

• The use of the rudder from China

• The astrolabe, which was improved by Muslim navigators, allowed sailor to determine how far north or south they were of the equator

• Magnetic compass allowed the steering of ships in the right direction

• The Lateen Sail: This was extremely instrumental, as it allowed ships to be steering in different direction since the win could caught on either side of the ship. This allowed sailors to travel successfully in the ocean for the first time, expanding trade routes.

4.1: What were the long term results of combining navigational techniques from around the world?

• Rapid expansion of exploration and global trade

• Introduction of gunpowder from China aided Europeans in their conquests abroad

• Rapid Spread of Islam as a result of the growth of the Abbasid Empire

4.2: What were some of the causes of oceanic exploration?

• Italian cities had a monopoly on European trade in Asia. By controlling access to the trade routes, they controlled prices of Asian imports into Europe, driving other European countries like Spain, France, and England, to search for new routes into Asia.

• Interesting in converting other to Christianity

• Hoped to find Riches overseas

• Rivalries with other European states also pushed efforts to expand to new territory before another power claimed it.

4.2: Why were states centrally invovled in maritime exploration?

• Voyages were expensive, so merchants and explorers would most likely be unable to fund it themselves. Thus they needed financial support of the state.

• Religion was tightly woven into the government of most European Staes, so preserving and spreading a states religion across the world was another reason for state involvement.

  • They believed it was they Christian duty to spread their religion.

• Belief of mercantilism: European measured the wealth of a country by how much gold and silver it had. Because of this, countries set policies to sell as many goods as possible, to maximize gold coming into country, and to buy and few goods from other countries, to minimize the flow of gold and silver out of the country. This required heavy state involvement.

4.2: What 3 people led Portuguese exploration?

• Prince henry the Navigator: He was the first European monarch to sponsor seafaring expeditions, to search for an all water out to the east and for African gold. Under his rule the Portuguese began to import slave by sea, replacing overland sea trade.

• Bartholomew Diaz: Sailed around the tip of Africa, the Cape of Good Hope. He feared mutiny from his crew so he returned home.

• Vasco de Gama: Sailed further that Diaz had, landing in India. There he claimed territory for Portugal. The Portuguese ports in India were key in expanding Portugals trade in the Indian Ocean.

4.2: What were the Portuguese like in South and Southeast Asia?

• They maintained ruthless rule in India, sending ears of Indians back home as evidence of conquests.

• Portugal trader showed up in China, with superior ships and weapons. Because of this they already won over African and Indian coasts. However, initial Portuguese visits had little effect on Chinese society.

  • Portuguese were followed by Roman Catholic missionaries who worked to convert the Chinese people.

    • The Jesuits soon followed and tried to win over the Chinese elite. Their scientific knowledge won impressed the Chinese, but they failed to win many converts because scholarly gentry viewed them as barbaric.

4.2: How did Portugal build their trading post empire?

• Constructed a series of forts from Hormuz to Goa to Malacca.

• The aims of fort construction was to establish a monopoly over the spice trade and to license all vessel trading between these areas.

• They implemented the CARTAZ System: Required all vessels to obtain a permit before sailing into Portugal controlled waters.

4.2: What were some of the weaknesses that hampered the Portugal trading post empire?

• They were a small nation

• They lacked workers and the ships necessary for the scaling of a large trade empire

• Many Portuguese merchants ignored their government and traded independently

• Much corruption among government officials.

• The Dutch would capture Malacca and the England would push the Portuguese out of India.

4.2: WHy was Ferdinand Magellan important?

He ship was the first to make it around the world, proving that earth could be circumnavigated.

4.2: What did the Spanish do in the Philippines?

After learning of Magellans circumnavigation of the world, when his fleet reached the Philippines, Spain annexed the nation. They started a long campaign to conquer the area and were met with equal resistance.

Manila became a Spanish commercial center in the area, attracting merchants. Because of the presence of Spanish and Portuguese merchants, many Filipinos became Christians.

4.2: How did Eurpean explorers achieve the GOLD part of the 3 G’s?

• The Spanish discovered gold and silver mines in the Aztec and Incan empires.

• These empires had the gold and silver necessary to make exploration, conquest, and settlement profitable.

• Europeans also realized that by using enslaved labor from Native Americans and Africans, they could grow wealthy and expand their empire by raising sugar, tobacco, and other cash crops.

4.2: What was trade across the Pacific characterized by?

• China was an extremely enthusiastic consumer of silver from the West. Silver would make its way from Mexico to China in heavily armed Spanish ships known as galleons. that made stops in the Philippines

• At Manila trading post Europeans exchanged silver for goods like silk and spices.

• The Chinese government began using silver as its main form of currency

• By the 17th century, silver had become a dominant force in the global economic system.

4.2: What were Spain’s rivals looking for at this time?

Rivals like the French, English, and Dutch were looking for a northwest passage, a route through or around North America that would lead to East Asia and the precious spice and luxury good trade.

4.2: Who were two notable French explorers?

Jacques Cartier: Claimed a part of what is now Canada for France

Samuel de Champlain: Realizes there were valuable goods and resources in the Americas, so there was no need to go beyond Asia.

4.2: Characteristics of French Colonization. What did they find, how did they treat neighboring Natives, Relgions, Status of setlement?

• Instead of finding gold, the French found land rich in furs and other natural resources. They established Quebec, a trading post, in 1608.

• French traders and missionaries spread across the continent. The traders want furs and the priests want conversions. The missionaries sometime set up schools to convert Native Americans.

• The French rarely settled permanently and instead of demanding land like the English did down on the East Coast, they traded for the furs trapped by Natives. Because of this the French had much better relations with the Natives than the English and Spanish. But this also meant their settlement grew more slowly because they were not using force.

4.2: What was the turning point that made England declare itself a major naval power?

In 1588, the English defeated and destroyed most of the Spanish Armada. With that victory they declared themself a major naval power and began competing for land and resources in the Americas.

4.2: How did Henry Hudson contribute to Dutch Exploration?

• He sailed up what is now the Hudson River in search of a northwest passage to Asia. He did not find any.

• His explorations were still valuable to the Dutch however, as they establishment claim to the Hudson River Valley and the island of Manhattan. On the tip of Manhattan they settled in New Amsterdam.

• NA prospered because it was located where a major river flowed into the ocean.

  • Bought furs from trappers in the north, purchased crops from lands in the south (tobacco from Virginia), and sent thee goods among others to Netherlands in exchange for manufactured goods they could sell through colonial North America.

4.3: Why were native populations ravaged by the Columbian Exchange?

• They were overpowered by Superior weapons

• They succumbed to disease

4.3: Who brought disease to the natives?

• Spanish conquistadors such as Francisco Pizarro and Hernan Cortes brought smallpox with them. Native had no immune system to fight back

• Colonists also brought rats, insects, and other disease carrying animals that facilitated the spread of measles, influenza, and malaria among the native population.

4.3: How did the arrival of animals and food influence Native and European culture?

• The introduction of pigs and cow transformed the Native diet. These meats along with the arrival of wheat and grapes became staple foods of the American/Mexican diet that still prevails in contemporary time.

• The arrival of horses revolutionized transportation and hunting for Native population, since Natives could now hunt for buffalo very efficiently. Since it was so efficient, they often had a surplus of food. This allowed them to spend more time on other aspects of life, such as art and spirituality.

  • It also led to more conflict, as having more horses became a symbol of power.

• Europeans brought back home crops like maize, corn, potatoes, and cacao. The introduction of these foods greatly increased population growth in the 16th and 17th centuries.

4.3: How were people a part of the Columbian Exchange?

• Africans were kidnapped from their homes and sold into slavery in the colonies. This resulted in biological and demographic changes, as African became apart of the colonial population and brought things like okra and rice with them.

• Portuguese traders needed labor for sugarcane cultivation in Brazil. Brazilian native would run away of fie from disease. Thus, the Portuguese imported enslaved Africans from the Kongo Kingdom and Swahili Coast to work on the plantations.

4.3: Spain vs. Portugal in cultivation?

• Spanish began to pursue cash crop cultivation after observing Portuguese success.

• Eventually, sugar surpassed silver as the main moneymaker for European empires.

4.3: Describe African presence in the Americas (Language, Music, Food)

• During African Diaspora, Africans retained some aspects of their culture.

• Over time West African began to combine the languages of their captors with their own native tongues to create creole.

• They brought their ways of music with them, which eventually influenced later genres including gospel, blues, jazz, rap, reggae, and samba. There was some syncretism as well, as African blended European Christian music with their own religious songs, known today as Negro Spirituals.

• Africans brought, rice, okra, and gumbo to the Americas. They knowledge on food as had a masting impact of culture in America.

4.3: Environmental and Demographic Impact of the Columbian Exchange?

• Rampant clearing of land and deforestation that depleted soils and ruined land. These practices were very intensive and invasive.

• European colonists lived in more densely populated communities compared to Natives, which resulted in a strain on water resources and created more concentrated areas of pollution.

4.4: What were two new forms of labor introduced from American plantations?

• Indentured Servitude: Servants contracted to work for a specific period of time in exchange of passage to the Americas.

• Chattel Slavery: Individuals were considered property to be bought and sold.

4.4: How did the Portuguese established trading posts on African coasts?

• Prince the Henry financed expeditions that allowed the Portuguese to explore African coastal communities before other European powers.

• They cooperated with local African rulers

• Some local rulers traded slaves in exchange for gunpowder and cannons that they would use as a military advantage against other neighboring villages.

  • Kingdom of Dahomey grew very strong.

4.4: What did the Portuguese do to the the Swahili City States?

• Vasco da Gama invaded these states and took over trade in Kilwa and Mombasa through the use of heavily armed ships and fortresses. This threw the states into a devastating decline.

4.4: What African states benefited from the expansion of maritime empires?

Asante Empire and Kingdom and Kongo benefited due to increased participation in trading leading to increase in their influence.

4.4: What was Japan doing during this era of expanding maritime empires?

• They adopted a strict isolationist policy

• When Dutch and Portuguese came to Japan in the mid 16th century, they converted many Japanese to Christianity, resulting in the destruction of Buddhist shrines.

• Japan took steps to persecute Japanese Christians, limit foreign influence, expel all foreigners, ban foreign boxes, and prohibit Japanese people from travelling abroad.

4.4: What was China doing that was similar to the Japanese?

• Ming Dynasty sought to limit outside influence on China by restricting trade

• Prohibited private foreign trade, destroyed dockyards, limited the size of ships that could be built, and constructed the Great Wall.

• This was part of the trend of conservatism under the Ming Dynasty to under the influence of the Mongol Yuan Dynasty.

4.4: What fueled European rivalries?

Political, economic, and religious motives

4.4: Who set up trading posts in India?

• British East India Company began a commercial relationship with the Mughal Empire

• Portugal controlled a coastal trading post in Goa

• France controlled Pondicherry in Tamilnadu

4.4: How did the years war impact French Power?

The British’s victory drove France out of India.

4.4: How did British expand power in India?

• First they set up forts on the coasts and focused on making profit through trade

• Their power was limited because of the Mughal Empire

• EIC began to expand after taking advantage of tensions between Hindus and Muslims and increased power through treaties with local rulers

• With help of sepoys, the EIC moved inland, spreading its influence and getting politically and militariliy involved with India.

4.4: What did trading posts in India and Africa pave the way for?

The onset of globalization, since each post was an intersection of multiple points serving as a trade center for goods from all over the world.

4.4: What did the Europeans do in the Americas to the Aztecs and Incas?

• European disease killed most of them

• Cortes of span overthrew the Aztec with and established the colony of New Spain. They sent back gold home.

• Francisco Pizarro attacked the Inca and captured their ruler. They got gold from the Incas and then killed the ruler. At this point they completed conquest of the Aztecs and Incas.

4.4: Spain vs. Portugal

They signed the Treaty of Tordesillas which divided the Americas between them. The Spanish got land to the West while Portugal got land to the East.

The Spanish would remain mostly in South America and Mexico since the British, French, and Dutch controlled North America.

4.4: France vs Britain

They engaged in the French and Indian war do to conflicts over land and power. The Iroquois would side with the French, and the British would use their colonists for their military. The British drove France out of Canada.

4.4: How did Portuguese control of trading posts represent change in economic systems?

• Prior to the arrival of Portuguese traders the Indian Ocean Trade networks were a result of ethnic and religious ties between merchants and middlemen.

• Portuguese arrival shifted this as they used the military superiority to take control of trade, creating a string of armed trading posts along the trade routes of the Indian Ocean.

4.4: How did Spanish presence in the Americans represent a change in economc systems?

• They established systems like the encomienda system and hacienda system to extract labor and grow profit through trade.

  • Encomienda was when indegenious people were coerced to work for the Spanish in exchange for food and shelter.

  • The hacienda system was a reinforcement of social hierarchies by concentrating land ownership in the hands of a small elite known as hacendados, who wielded significant economic and political power. Agriculture was developed on the land of the hacendadors through forced labor.

• They changed the Incan mita system of labor obligation into a coerce labor system so their silver industry could flourish.

4.4: Why was Potosi important?

It was a thriving center of silver mining.

4.4: What was a major change in economic system at this time being adopted by all European powers?

Mercantilism: An economic system that increased government control of the economy through high tariffs and the establishment of colonies.

4.4: What is a continuity in labor systems during this era?

Europeans were not the first to seek African labor. It had already been prevalent within African societies as slaves were used in home. Arab merchants in the Postclassical Era also used enslaved people during their travels. The African slave trade built upon this slave culture, and just magnified it.

4.4: Why were African chosen for labor?

• They were abundant and Europeans already had access to them because of cooperation with local African city states that gave up slaves in exchange for gunpowder and weapons.

• Indigenous slaves were wiped out because of European disease and they often would escape and blend in with the naive population.

• Indentured servants were also not a good option because their contracts usually lasted for around years, they were not used to the labor intensive work, and if their survived their indenture they became free laborers.

4.4: What were some demographic, social, and cultural impacts of slavery

• Decline in African population within Africa

• Change in social status, from free person to enslaved

• Disruption of family structures. Families were torn apart and having more than one wife became normal.

• Racist social classes were established, who influence remained in post-slavery societies

• African brought their language and culture with them, influencing societies.

• Multiracial people = mestizos and mulattos

4.5: What caused the Commercial and Price Revolutions (these revolutions affected the whole world)?

• The development of European overseas colonies

• Opening of new ocean trade routes

• Population growth

• Inflation

  • Caused by the pressure of the increasing

4.5: What was change in economic systems at this time?

The rise of joint-stock companies, which were owned by investors who bought stock or shares in them. These joint - stock companies were the British East India Company and the Dutch East India Company. Spain and Portugal did not have these companies since the government did most of the investing through individual grants.

4.5: What was the triangular trade?

An Atlantic trading system between the Americas, Africa, and Europe. Americas sent raw good to Europe and in return got manufactured goods. Africa supplied enslaved people to the Americas, creating a system of exchange that facilitated the slave trade.

4.5: What was a change in trade networks?

The maintenance of monopolies by European rulers. It was when certain merchants or joint-stock companies were granted the exclusive right to trade. ex. The Spanish had a monopoly over tobacco grown in the Americas.

4.5: Continuity in Trade Networks?

• Continued Flourishing of regional markets

• Increasing output of artisan and peasant labor

4.5: How did the Atlantic Slave trade set the stage for the European conquest and imperialism of the late 19th century

• It greatly weakened several West African kingdoms such as the Kongo

• Trade competition led to violence among their societies and also made African slave raiding kingdoms dependent on goods from Europe

• Kingdom like Dahomey and Oyo would sell their slave and captive in exchange for weapons, getting richer and more powerful. They used firearms from these trades to raid neighboring societies, increasing intergroup warfare.

4.5: Impacts of slave trade on gender and population growth?

• Severe gender imbalance. There were more women than men, and this resulted in an increase in polygyny, the taking of more than one wife.

• Population growth increased because the Columbian Exchange introduced new crops, such as maize and peanuts, that became staples of the African diet.

4.5: How did new European land based empires differ from earlier ones in terms of coexisting with culture and social structures.

• Earlier empires such as the Roman, Muslims, and Mongols attempted to allow traditions and cultures to exist.

• Europeans completely erased the basic social structures and many cultural traditions of the indigenous Americans.

4.5: Politcal and Cultural Change for Indigenous people?

• Spanish royalty appointed viceroys and established audiencias. The viceroys acted as administrators and representative of the Spanish crown where the audiencias were where Spanish settlers could appeal viceroys decisions or policies.

• Conquistadors like Cortes burned native books, so today there are very few original accounts. This has shaped historians perspective on this era.

• Spanish and Portuguese implemented their own languages and religions in the Americas.

4.5: Syncretic beliefs in Americas

• Africans melded aspects of Christianity with their West African religious traditions.

• Many missionaries were sent in the Americas which resulted in many people converting to Christianity.

4.5: How did religion play a role in conflict as global interaction increased?

Split between Sunni and Shia worsened conflict between the Ottomans and Safavid

Split between Catholicism and Protestantism drove the settlement of North America as people sought religious freedom.

4.6: What was African resistance to Portugal?

Nzinga first became an ally of Portugal for Ndongo in exchange for protection from neighboring powers. However the alliance broke down and Nzinga took over the states of Matamba, inciting a rebellion and Ndongo and resisting Portuguese power.

4.6: What led to internal rebellion in Russia?

Internal rebellion in Russia was sparked by the oppressive institution of serfdom, which exploited labor as serfs were imposed to harsh conditions and high taxes, leafing them to lose their land and be victim of high debts.

As Russian territory expanded west, serfdom expanded with it.

4.6: What was Pugachev Rebellion?

This rebellion was a peasant uprising within Russia against Catherine the Great and incited by Pugachev. It was caused because peasants were discontented that the nobles were being granted increased power over the serfs. It resulted in even harsher conditions for the peasant in exchange for more support from the nobles to prevent future revolts.

4.6: Rebellion within the Spanish Empire:

The Pueblo Revolt: When 2 indigenous groups fought colonizers who were trying to force religious conversions upon them.They killed a lot of Spanish, drove the rest out of the area, and destroyed churches.

4.6: What were the struggles for power in England and their colonies?

• Maroon Wars: fought by slaves in the Caribbean and former Spanish territory in the Americans fought to gain freedom. Maroons were descendants of runaway slaves in Jamaica who escaped their owners and formed their own settlements.

• Gloucester County Rebellion:First slave revolt in America. It was in Virginia. In this rebellion enslaved Africans and white indentured servants conspired to demand their freedom fro the governor. They were defeated, however.

• Metacoms War:Last major effort by the native to drive out the English. It ended badly for the Natives. Another uprising like that would not happen again.

• Glorious Revolution: the overthrow of Catholic King James II of England in 1688, He was replaced by William and Mary, who ruled as joint monarchs. This revolution, also known as the Bloodless Revolution due to its relatively peaceful nature, established a constitutional monarchy and significantly enhanced the power of Parliament.

4.7: What were some of the tensions between military and rulers in Ottoman society?

• Ottoman empire was built around a warrior aristocracy that soon began to compete for positions in the bureaucracy with the ulama.

• Janissaries gained power and prestige and often tried to mount coups against the sultans.

• Sultans became increasingly ineffective and incapable, so strong advisor known as viziers gained prominence and influence. They spoke for the sultan.

  • The Sultan had the power of the timar, a system where he granted land or the revenues to those he favored

4.7: How were religious minorities treated in the Ottoman empire

• They were relatively tolerant to the Jews and Christians. BUT, they were permitted to live in only specified areas of the cities, paid a tax called a jizya that was requested of all non-muslims in the empire, and could not hold top positions in the empire, which were reserved for Muslims.

4.7: How was religious tolerance in the Mughal Empire?

Akbar was extremely tolerant of all religions and tried to end the division between the Hindus and Muslims. He ended the jizya, gave grants of land and money to the Hindus and Muslims, provided funds to build churches, and supported Skihism.

4.7: What role did women play in harem politics?

They played social and political roles at court through harem politics. This was when wives and concubines of the sultan tried to promote their own children as heirs to the throne.

4.7: What was the power dynamic of the Qing Dynasty?

The Manchu people rules over the Han Chinese They Manchu were not tolerant of the Han Chinese, dissimilar to the Mongol predecessors.

• Like the Mongols the Machu put their own people in top government positions

• They also maintained the CED and bureaucracy

• They recruited Han to work under or alongside the Manhu, and evntually some chinese came to accpet Aing as legitimate rulers.

4.7: What were Han conflicts with the Manchu?

• The Manchu men were required to wear their hair in the pigtail style of Manchu. If they refused they were executed.

• The Manchu carried out massacres agaisnt Han who refused to assimilate to Qing practices.

4.7: What was the case of the Jews?

• They were expelled from Spain, so they resettled in North African or Middle East

• Prejudice against them decline during the scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment. They began to move freely in Europe and became important in banking and commerce.

4.7: What led to the rise of the Casta system and other racist structure in Latin America? What was the casta system?

The intermingling of European settlers, imported Africans, and conquered indigenous populations.

• Peninsulares, Creoles, Castas, Mestizos, Mulattoes, and Zambos.

• This social structure was based entirely on race and ancestry