Law Enforcement

When v US

Established that a police officer can stop a vehicle if they have probable cause to believe a traffic violation has occured , regardless of an officers subjective motives or intent to investigate other crimes

Why did the court say it was reasonable?

It was under the 4th amendment and was a clear traffic violation.

Where did this take place?

Washington D.C.

What did the officers see in plain view after stopping the car?

A substance that looked like Crack cocaine.

Wong Sun vs US

Clarifies the fourth amendments exclusionary rule. The courtier ruled that evidence directly obtained from illegal searches or arrests must be excluded because of fruit of the poisonous tree but voluntary statements sufficiently removed from the illegal conduct, like Wong Sun's confession, can be admitted. This case sets limits on how closely evidence must be linked to unlawful actions to be suppressed.

Why were Toys statements and the heroine from Yee excluded from court?

Because they were obtained through unlawful entry and arrest, making them fruit of the poisonous tree under the fourth amendment.

Why was Wong Sun's unsigned confession allowed as evidence?

It was voluntary and sufficiently removed. The courtier said his confession was voluntary and too far removed (attenuated) from the illegal arrest, so it was not directly tainted by police misconduct.

What issues did the dissent focus on in this case?

Justice Clark questioned whether narcotics voluntarily handed over by a third party (Yee)should be suppressed, arguing they should still be admissible despite the unlawful arrest that led police to him.

Chimel vs California

Ruled that police can only search the arrestee's person and the area within their immediate conyrol

What did the court rule the search?

Unconstitutional

How long did they search the house for?

45 minutes

What year did this case law occur?

1969

What amendment covers steagald vs. United States?

The 4th amendment

What was the ruling of Steagald vs United Statss case?

It is unconstitutional to enter a third parties home with only an arrest warrant.

Officers located a fugitives car outside a known associates apartment and decide to enter the apartment with only an arrest warrant.

No, under the fourth amendment

Weapon Safety Rules

Treat every weapon as if it were loaded

Keep the muzzle pointed in a safe direction

Keep your finger off the trigger until you intend to shoot

Be sure of your target and what lied beyond it

Scott vs Harris

A us supreme court case involving a high speed chase where deputy Timothy Scott jammed Victor Haris's car and left him paralyzed permanently. Harris was a dangerous threat to public safety.

Did they find Scott's use of force excessive?

No, they found it justified

What started the Scott vs Harris case?

Deputy Timothy Scott making Harris paralyzed.

What did the court decide?

Victor Harris was a danger to the public so it was justified.

Graham vs. Connor

Graham walked into a supermarket and walked out with nothing. Connor thought he had stolen something so Connor pulled him over.

Was Graham vs. Connor taken to the Supreme Court or a state court?

Supreme court

Did officers Graham violate the fourth amendment?

Yes, he violated the fourth amendment

What NRS was similar to the Graham vs. CONNOR case?

NRS 193.350

Use of force continuum

Officer presence

Verbal commands

Hands on

Tools on belt

Impact weapons

Lethal force

What does the fourth amendment protect citizens against?

Unreasonable searches and seizures.

Which requires a higher standard, supported by more substantial evidence?

Proof beyond reasonable doubt

What does NRS stand for?

Nevada Revised Statutes

Who made the principles?

Sir Robert Peel

Why are the Peelian principles so important?

They ensure crime prevention and public cooperation.

How many principles are there?

9

When did California vs Beheler take place?

July 6, 1983

When are Miranda warnings necessary?

When somebody's freedoms are revoked via arrest or taken into custody.

What is it called when you question someone without taking away their rights or having them arrested?

Custodial interrogation

What was the final decision of Miranda vs. Arizona?

The majority decision was an individual under arrest is entitled to rights against self incrimination

What was Ernesto Miranda accused of?

Cape and kidnapping

If an officer does not read Miranda rights aloud so they know what their most basic are, could they get away with such crime if comitted?

No, the suspect will not automatically get away with the crime, but the prosecution cannot use any confessions or statement the suspect made while in custody as evidnece.

What did Terry attempt to sue for?

He said the path down was unlawful according to the fourth amendment.

Who was William O. Douglas?

The only person out of the justices to argue against search and siezure.