BIOL 336 Exam 3 Study Materials: Key Terms & Definitions

During inspiration, how does alveolar pressure compare to atmospheric pressure?

a. Alveolar pressure is one of the few pressures where the reference pressure is not the atmospheric pressure.

b. Alveolar pressure is greater than atmospheric pressure.

c. Alveolar pressure is equal to atmospheric pressure.

d. Alveolar pressure is less than atmospheric pressure.

D

Due to polio, a patient suffers total paralysis of his intercostal muscles. For this patient, which of the following values would still be expected to be essentially normal?

a. vital capacity (VC)

b. total lung capacity (TLC)

c. none of these responses are correct

d. inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)

e. expiratory reserve volume (ERV)

C

A 21-year-old Emory student broke several ribs as a result of a fall off of a cliff while snowboarding over the spring break. Her medical treatment included stabilizing her chest with bandages. The bandages were tied in a way that reduced her tidal volume by 50%. To compensate, she doubled her respiratory rate. Which of the following statements is true? Her post-treatment:

a. minute ventilation increased and her alveolar ventilation decreased.

b. minute ventilation decreased and her alveolar ventilation increased.

c. minute and alveolar ventilation were both unchanged.

d. minute ventilation was unchanged and alveolar ventilation decreased.

e. minute ventilation decreased and her alveolar ventilation remained unchanged.

D

When oxygen diffuses from the alveoli into hemoglobin of the red blood cells in the alveolar capillaries, the oxygen passes through different structural compartments in the following order:

a. type I alveolar cell, interstitium, endothelial cell, plasma, red blood cell membrane

b. surfactant, type I alveolar cell, interstitium, endothelial cell, plasma, red blood cell membrane

c. surfactant, endothelial cell, interstitium, type I alveolar cell, plasma, red blood cell membrane

d. type I alveolar cell, surfactant, interstitium, endothelial cell, plasma, red blood cell membrane

e. surfactant, type I alveolar cell, interstitium, endothelial cell, red blood cell membrane

B

Which of the following represents the pressure difference that acts to distend the lungs?

a. Alveolar pressure

b. Atmospheric pressure

c. Transpulmonary pressure

d. Plural pressure

e. Esophageal pressure

C

Which respiratory-associated muscles would contract if you were to blow up a balloon?

a. diaphragm contracts, internal intercostals would relax

b. internal intercostals and abdominal muscles would contract

c. diaphragm would contract, external intercostals would relax

d. external intercostals would contract and diaphragm would relax

B

Alveolar surfactant acts to increase pulmonary:

a. surface tension

b. blood flow

c. both compliance and blood flow

d. compliance

e. airway resistance

D

A 21-year-old Emory student broke several ribs as a result of a fall off of a cliff while snowboarding over the spring break. Her medical treatment included stabilizing her chest with bandages. The bandages were tied in a way that reduced her tidal volume by 50%. To compensate, she doubled her respiratory rate. Given her pre-treatment tidal volume was 500ml and respiratory rate was 12 bpm, which of the following is correct?

Her post-treatment minute ventilation is ___ ml/min and her alveolar ventilation is ___ml/min.

a. 24 000; 20 400

b. 3000; 1200

c. 6000; 4200

d. 6000; 2400

e. 12 000; 8400

D

If the elastic fibers were removed from around the alveolar sacs, the lungs in normal breathing would lose most of their ability to:

a. expand so exhalation would be impeded.

b. expand so inhalation would be impeded.

c. recoil so exhalation would be impeded.

d. recoil so inhalation would be impeded.

C

A patient has a progressive lung disease that results in an ever-increasing pressure required to fill the same volume of lung. How does this disease affect lung compliance? The progressive lung disease:

a. increases lung compliance.

b. None of the above

c. decreases lung compliance.

d. does not affect lung compliance

C

A 21-year-old Emory student broke several ribs as a result of a fall off of a cliff while snowboarding over the spring break. Her medical treatment included stabilizing her chest with bandages. The bandages were tied in a way that reduced her tidal volume by 50%. To compensate, she doubled her respiratory rate. Two hours later, an arterial blood sample was taken. Which of the following conditions would have been observed?

a. Increased PO2 and increased PCO2

b. Decreased PO2 and decreased PCO2

c. Increased PO2 and decreased PCO2

d. No change in PO2 and PCO2

e. Decreased PO2 and increased PCO2

E

The walls of the alveoli are composed of two types of alveolar cells, type I and type II. The function of the type II alveolar cells is to:

a. protect the lungs from bacterial invasion

b. replace mucus in the alveoli

c. trap dust and other debris

d. secrete surfactant

D

The urinary bladder has openings to the:

a. nephron and kidney

b. urethra and ureters

c. urinary meatus and glomerulus

d. renal vein and loop of Henle

e. renal vein and renal artery

B

At high concentrations of antidiuretic hormone, the extent of water reabsorption in the collecting ducts is ________, causing urine output to ________.

a. high : decrease

b. low : decrease

c. high : increase

d. low : increase

e. unaffected : remain unchanged

A

The glomerulus differs from other capillaries in the body in that it ________.

a. has a basement membrane

b. is impermeable to most substances

c. is drained by an efferent arteriole

d. has a blood pressure much lower than other organ systems

C

The glomerulus differs from other capillaries in the body in that it ________.

a. has a basement membrane

b. is impermeable to most substances

c. is drained by an efferent arteriole

d. has a blood pressure much lower than other organ systems

C

Which of the following is not associated with the renal corpuscle?

a. a podocyte

b. a vasa recta

c. a fenestrated capillary

d. an efferent arteriole

B

Substance T is present in the urine. Does this prove that substance T is filterable at the glomerulus?

a. Yes

b. No

B

ADH increases the insertion of aquaporin-2 where?

a. proximal tubule apical membrane

b. intercalated cells basolateral membrane

c. proximal tubule basolateral membrane

d. principal cells basolateral membrane

e. principal cells apical membrane

E

What is the effect upon glomerular capillary hydrostatic pressure (PGC ) if the efferent arterioles are dilated?

a. Increase in PGC

b. Decrease in PGC

c. No change in PGC

B

Place the following in correct sequence from the formation of a drop of filtrate to its elimination as urine from the body.

1. bladder

2. distal tubule

3. Bowman's capsule

4. collecting duct

5. proximal tubule

6. renal pelvis

7. ureter

8. urethra

9. Loop of Henle

3

5

9

2

4

6

7

1

8

The driving force that pushes fluid from the blood into Bowman's capsule is exerted:

a. by the heart providing blood pressure

b. by the muscles lining the abdominal cavity

c. by the urinary bladder emptying

d. by the urethra draining away urine

A

Substance V is not normally present in the urine. Does this prove that substance V is neither filtered nor secreted?

a. Yes

b. No

B

If vasopressin (ADH) increases water reabsorption by the cortical and medullary collecting ducts of the nephrons, would vasopressin secretion be increased or decreased with dehydration?

a. Vasopressin secretion would be increased.

b. Vasopressin secretion would be unchanged.

c. Vasopressin secretion would be decreased.

d. None of these responses are correct.

A

Which of the following is FALSE regarding carbon dioxide transport in the blood?

a. The majority of carbon dioxide is transported as bicarbonate ions.

b. The majority of bicarbonate ions are found within the erythrocyte.

c. Very little carbon dioxide is transported free in the blood.

d. Carbonic anhydrase is capable of producing both carbon dioxide and carbonic acid.

d. All of the above are true.

B

Select the correct statement about oxygen transport in blood:

a. During normal activity, a molecule of hemoglobin returning to the lungs carries one molecule of O2.

b. During conditions of acidosis, hemoglobin is able to carry oxygen more efficiently.

c. Increased BPG levels in the red blood cells enhance oxygen-carrying capacity.

d. A 50% oxygen saturation level of blood returning to the lungs might indicate an activity level higher than normal.

D

Carbon dioxide is more soluble in water than oxygen. To get the same amount of oxygen to dissolve in plasma as carbon dioxide, you would have to:

a. increase the temperature of the plasma.

b. increase the alveolar partial pressure of oxygen.

c. decrease the alveolar partial pressure of oxygen.

d. increase the rate of plasma flow through the lungs.

e. decrease the alveolar ventilation rate.

B

As plasma CO2 levels increase, the O2-Hb dissociation curve shifts to the ________ indicating a _________ O2 affinity.

a. right, decreased

b. right, increased

c. left, decreased

d. left, increased

A

As humidity increases, the partial pressure of oxygen in air

a. increases as the total pressure of air remains the same.

b. increases as the total pressure of air increases.

c. decreases as the total pressure of air remains the same.

d. decreases as the total pressure of air increases.

e. does not change

C

Which of the following would make the Oxygen-Hemoglobin Dissociation curve shift right?

a. increased H+ concentration

b. increased pH

c. decreased temperature

d. decreased CO2

e. none of these responses are correct

A

As plasma CO2 levels increase, plasma pH levels __________.

a. increase

b. decrease

c. remain unchanged

d. rapidly increase, then decrease

B

Which of the following statements concerning the control of respiration is TRUE?

a. The respiratory muscles have an intrinsic rhythmical activity.

b. The basic neural machinery for the generation of the respiratory rhythm is located in the medulla oblongata.

c. Respiration will stop if all afferent nerves to the lungs are cut.

d. The intercostal muscles are the principal muscles of respiration.

B

An increase in __________ will directly stimulate the peripheral chemoreceptors to increase ventilation.

a. 2,3-Disphosphoglycerate (DPG)

b. pO2

c. pCO2

d. Hemoglobin (Hb)

e. alkalinity

C

The most important factor that allows the blood to carry carbon dioxide in high amounts is _____.

a. pressure

b. tissue production

c. carbonic anhydrase

d. hemoglobin affinity

C

In the alveoli, the partial pressure of oxygen (PO2) is:

a. equal with that in the body tissues.

b. about 100 mm Hg.

c. much higher than the PO2 for systemic arterial blood.

d. the same as the PO2 for systemic venous blood.

e. lower than the PO2 for systemic venous blood.

B

A respiratory acidosis is cause by increased carbon dioxide within the blood.

True

False

True

What regulates the rate of water loss?

a. kidney

b. lungs

c. skin

d. digestive tract

e. cardiovascular system

A

Which muscle(s) that regulate(s) micturition is/are under involuntary control?

a. detrusor

b. internal urethral sphincter

c. external urethral sphincter

d. detrusor and the internal urethral sphincter

e. detrusor and the external urethral sphincter

D

Which of the following conditions triggers the release of renin?

a. low blood pressure

b. high blood pressure

c. increased sympathetic stimulation

d. atrial stretching due to increased plasma volume

e. increased mean arterial pressure (MAP)

A

Aldosterone increases the number of potassium channels where?

a. proximal tubule apical membrane

b. intercalated cells basolateral membrane

c. proximal tubule basolateral membrane

d. principal cells basolateral membrane

e. principal cells apical membrane

D

A student in your physiology lab is thirsty and decides to sneak a drink of deionized or distilled water. The student drinks a fairly large quantity of this water in a short period of time. What will happen to the student's cells?

a. It will cause the student's cells to swell.

b. It will cause the student's cells to shrink.

c. It is an isotonic solution, so water will enter and leave cells at the same rate.

d. Water is water, so it will not do anything to the student's cells.

e. It will make the cells hypovolemic

A

Atrial natriuretic peptide causes which of the following effects in principal cells?

a. decreased activity of the Na+/K+ pump in the basolateral membrane

b. efferent arteriole dilation

c. afferent arteriole constriction

d. decreased number of open sodium channels in the apical membrane

e. increase in glomerular filtration rate

D

From where is ADH released?

a. distal tubule

b. collecting duct

c. pancreas

d. posterior pituitary

e. anterior pituitary

D

Angiotensin II acts directly in the hypothalamus to stimulate what?

a. an increase in thirst

b. the release of oxytocin

c. an increase in body temperature

d. the release of aldosterone

e. a systemic increase in blood pressure

A

Which of the following conditions would be associated with hypernatremia?

a. increased plasma sodium

b .decreased plasma osmolarity

c. increased plasma potassium

d. decreased plasma volume

e. hypotension

A

Angiotensinogen is synthesized by what organ?

a. kidney

b. bone marrow

c. liver

d. adrenal gland

e. pituitary gland

C

Which of the following occurs during micturition?

a. The detrusor muscles relax, muscles of the internal urethral sphincter relax, and muscles of the external urethral sphincter relax.

b. The detrusor muscles contract, muscles of the internal urethral sphincter contract, and muscles of the external urethral sphincter contract.

c. The detrusor muscles relax, muscles of the internal urethral sphincter contract, and muscles of the external urethral sphincter contract.

d. The detrusor muscles relax, muscles of the internal urethral sphincter contract, and muscles of the external urethral sphincter relax.

e. The detrusor muscles contract, muscles of the internal urethral sphincter relax, and muscles of the external urethral sphincter relax.

E

Which of the following is a source of water input?

a. digestive tract only

b. renal tubules only

c. metabolism only

d. both digestive tract and metabolism

e. both the digestive tract and renal tubules

D