Development Psychology | Midterm Exam Rviewer - Unit I - IV

Developmental psychology

Branch of psychology that studies intraindividual changes and interindividual changes within these intraindividual change, covering the life span from conception to death.

Development

A progressive series of qualitative changes that occur as a result of maturation and experience.

Gerontology

Science of aging.

Geron

means “old man”

Ology

means “study of”

Geriatrics

Branch of medicine concerned with the diseases of old age.

1. Maturation

2. Learning

Factors of Development

Maturation

The development or unfolding of traits potentially present in the individual considering his hereditary endowment.

Learning

Is the result of activities or day-to-day experiences on the person himself and comes from exercise and effort on the individual’s part.

1. Rapid Development

2. Slow Development

Rates of Development

Rapid development

Development observed during prenatal period and babyhood up to six years.

Slow development

Development which starts from six years to adolescence.

1. Early foundations are critical.

2. Roles of maturation and learning in development.

3. Development follows a definite and predictable pattern.

4. All individuals are different.

5. Each phase of development has characteristics pattern of behavior.

6. Each phase of development has hazards.

7. Development is aided by stimulations.

8. Development is affected by cultural changes.

9. There is social expectations for every stage of development.

Significant facts about development

1. Cephalocaudal Law

2. Proximodistal Law

Laws of Developmental Direction

1. Inappropriate expectations

2. bypassing of a stage of development.

3. crises when passing from one stage to another.

Developmental Hazards

Developmental tasks

A task which arises at or about a certain period in the life of the individual.

1. Guidelines

2. Motivates Individuals

3. Shows individuals what lies ahead

Purposes of Developmental Tasks

1. Prenatal Period

2. Infancy

3. Babyhood

4. Early Childhood

5. Late Childhood

6. Puberty or preadolescence

7. Adolescence

8. Early Adulthood

9. Middle Adulthood

10. Late Adulthood

The stages of the life span

Prenatal

Begins at conception and ends at birth

1. Hereditary Endowment

2. Favorable and Unfavorable condintions in the mothers’ womb

3. The sex of the newly created individual is fixed.

4. Proportionally greater growth and development take place

5. A time of many hazards, physical, and psychological

6. A time when significant people form attitudes

Characteristics of the Prenatal Period

270 to 280 days (9 months)

Average length of Prenatal period

Genes

The true carriers of heredity

Maturation

The process of chromosome reduction through cell division

Ovulation

the process of escape of one mature ovum during the menstrual cycle

Fertilization

Occurs at the time of conception. Takes place within twelve to thirty six hours. It results from the union of a sperm cell with an egg cell.

• Male - maturation and fertilization

• Female - maturation, ovulation, and fertilization

Preliminary Stages of Prenatal Period

1. Period of the Zygote(Germinal Stage)

2. Period of the Embryo(Embryonic Stage)

3. Period of the Fetus(Fetal Stage)

Periods of the prenatal development

1. Hereditary Endowment

2. Sex

3. Number of Offspring

4. Ordinal Postion

Importance of Conception/Prenatal Period

1. Starvation

2. Lack of Uterine Preparation

3. Implatation in the Wrong Place

Hazards during the Zygote stage of the prenatal period

1. Miscarriages

2. Developmental Irregularities

Hazards during the Embryo stage of the prenatal period

1. Miscarriages

2. Prematurity

3. Complications of Delivery

4. Developmental Irregularities

Hazards during the Fetus stage of the prenatal period

1. Timing of their appearance

2. Maternal malnutrition

3. Maternal age

4. Kinds of work

5. Multiple Births

Conditions influencing physical hazards of Prenatal period

1. Traditional Beliefs

2. Maternal Stress

3. Unfavorable attitudes on the part of the significant people

Psychological Hazards during the Prenatal Period

Infancy

The period of the newborn, transitioning from birth to two weeks of life.

Infant

A child in the first period of life

1. The shortest of all developmental periods

2. a time of radical adjustment

3. plateau in development

4. a preview of later development

5. hazardous period

Characteristics of Infancy

1. Prenatal Environment

2. Kinds of Birth

3. Experiences Associated with Birth

4. Lenght of Gestation Period

5. Parental Attitudes

6. Postnatal Care

Conditions Influencing Adjustments to Postnatal Life

1. Natural/Spotaneous

2. Breech

3. Transverse

4. Instrument

5. Caesarean Section

6. Taylor Swift

Kinds of Birth

Postnatal Care

The amount of attention infants recieve, amount of stimulation they recieve and the degree of confidence their parents have in meeting their needs.

1. Physical Development

2. Activities of the Infant

3. Vocalization of the Infant

4. Sensitivities of the Infant

5. State of Consciousness

6. Capacity for Learning

7. Emotions of the Newborn

8. Beginnings of Personality

Characteristics of the Infant

50 cms

Height of infant at birth is around ________.

1. Moro Reflex

2. Neck Righting Reflex

3. Tonic Neck Reflex

4. Grasping Reflex

5. Sucking Reflex

6. Rooting Reflex

Reflexes of Infant

1. Unfavorable Prenatal Environment

2. Difficult and Complicated Birth

3. Multiple Birth

4. Prematurity

5. Postmaturity

6. Infant Mortality

Physical hazards of the Infancy

1. Traditional beliefs about birth

2. Helplessness

3. Individuality of the infant

4. Developmental lag

5. Plateau in development

6. Lack of stimulation

7. Unfavorable attitude on the part of significant people

Psychological Hazards of Infancy

Babyhood

Occupies the first two years of life (Second week to Second year).

1. the true foundation age

2. an age of decreasing dependency

3. an age of rapid growth and change

4. an age of increased individuality

5. the beginning of socialization

6. the beginning of sex role typing

7. an appealing age

8. the beginning of creativity

9. a hazardous age

Characteristics of Babyhood

1. learning to walk

2. having organs of elimination under partial control

3. learning to take solid foods

4. getting ready to read

5. learning to distinguish between right and wrong, and developing a conscience

6. learning the foundation of speech

7. learning sex differences

Developmental Milestones of Babyhood

First year of Physical Development in Babyhood

increase in weight is greater than the increase in height

Second Year of Physical Development in Babyhood

increase in height is greater than the increase in weight

8 ½ hours at three weeks, 10 hours at twelve weeks

Sleep pattern during the Babyhood

Sucking and Swallowing from birth to four or five months

Eating Pattern during the Babyhood

1. Crying

2. Cooing and Babling

3. Gesturing

4. Emotional Expression

Prespeech forms of communicationin Babyhood

Crying

One of the first ways in which the infant is able to communicate with the world and one of the first social act of the infant.

Cooing and Babbling

Most important because real speech eventually develops from it, it begins during the second and third month of life.

Gesturing

used by the baby not to supplement but to substitute for his speech

Emotional expression

one of the most effective form of prespeech communication

1. Pronunciation

2. Vocabulary building

3. Sentences

Tasks in learning to speak

1. Anger

2. Fear

3. Curiosity

4. Joy

5. Affection

Common emotional pattern in babyhood

Moral Development

Babies are neither moral nor immoral but nonmoral since they have not yet formed a scale of values and a conscience.

Family Relationship

play a dominant role in determining the future pattern of a baby’s attitude and  behavior in relationship with others.

1. Quantitative

2. Qualitative

Changes in the Personality Pattern

• Mortality

• Crib death

• Illnesses

• Accidents

• Malnutrition

• Foundations of Obesity

• Physiological Habits

Physical hazards in Babyhood

• Hazards in motor development

• Speech Hazards

• Emotional Hazards

• Social Hazards

• Play Hazards

• Hazards in understanding

• Hazards in Morality

• Family relationship hazards

• Hazards in personality development

Psychological Hazards in Babyhood

First year

It is normally one of the happiest year in the life span.

• Poor Health

• Teething

• Desire for Independence

• Increased need for attention

• Disengagement with Parenthood

• Beginning of discipline

• Child Abuse

• Increasing Sibling Resentment

Causes of Unhappiness in Babyhood