Earth Science

Lithosphere

the solid, outer part of the Earth

Hydrosphere

the total amount of water on a planet. It includes water that is on the surface of the planet, underground and in the air

Atmosphere

a layer or a set of layers of gases surrounding a planet or other material body that is held in place by the gravity of that body

Biosphere

the part of the world in which life can exist

Igneous rocks

formed form the cooling og magma

Sedimentary Rocks

formed from pre-existing rocks or pieced of once-living organisms

Metamorphic rocks

formed through the alteration of preexisting rocks in response to changing environmental conditions

Weathering

breakdown of rocks at the Earth’s surface

Erosion

geological process in which earthen materials are worn away and transported by natural forces such as wind or water

Lithification

unconsolidated materials are converted into coherent solid rock, as by compaction or cementation

Meteorology

concerned with the process and phenomena of the atmosphere, especially as a means of forecasting the weather

Weather

the state of the atmosphere with respect to wind, temperature, cloudiness, moisture, pressure, etc.

Climate

the long term and average weather conditions for a specific region

Nitrogen

reacts with chemicals to produce nitrates, which are used by living things in protein manufacturing

Oxygen

used for respiration, for combustion process

Troposhere

the layer of the atmosphere closest to the earth’s surface, extending up to about 10-15 km above the earth’s surface

Stratosphere

the layer lies directly above the troposhere and is about 35 km deep. It extends from about 15-50 km above the Earth’s surfce. The stratosphere is warmer at the top than the bottom

Mesosphere

a layer that is is directly. above the stratoshere, a cold layer where the temperature generally decreases with incresing altitude

Thermosphere

extends from 80 km above the Earth;s surface to outer space. It receive extraordinarily large amounts of energy from the Sun

Exosphere

the most external later of the atmosphere, the temperature exceeds 2000 degree celsius

Ecology

a branch of biology dealing with the relations and interaction between organisms and their environment

Biotic

all living factors in the environment

Abiotic

nonliving factors that are essential to living organisms

Population

is the number of organisms of the same species that live in a particular geographic aea at the same time

Community

an ecological unit composed of a group of organisms or a population of different species occupying a particular area

Ecosystem

a system that includes all living organisms in an area as well at its physical environment

Biome

is an area of the planet that can be classified according to the plants and animals that live in it

Nebular theory

described the formation of our solar system from a nebula cloud made from a collection of dust and gas

Ptolemaic theory

states that the earth lay at the centre of the universe with the sun, the moon, and the known planets revolving around it in complucated orbits

Copernican theory

publish in 1543 by copernicus which stated that the earth and the planets rotated around the sun

Asteroids

a rocky object in space

Meteoroid

a small chunk of rock or iron that travels through space

Comet

a ball of frozen gases, rock, and dust

Solar eclipse

when the moon passes between earth and the sun

Lunar eclipse

when the full moon passes partially or wholly through the umbra of the earth’s shadow