LESSON 1: THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

Exchange of O2 and CO2 to and from the blood

• Conducting portion

• Respiratory portion

2 COMPONENTS OF RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

hyaline cartilage and smooth muscle

CONDUCTING PORTION

• Tissues found in Trachea

terminal bronchioles

CONDUCTING PORTION ends in _________

3; 10

CONDUCTING PORTION

• Right lung has __ LOBES and __ SEGMENTS

2; 8

CONDUCTING PORTION

• Left lung has __ LOBES and __ SEGMENTS

respiratory bronchioles

RESPIRATORY PORTION

• gas exchange, start from ________

Vestibule

NASAL CAVITY

• Component in Anterior portion:

• Respiratory region

• Olfactory region

NASAL CAVITY

• Components in Posterior portion:

Nasal Septum

NASAL CAVITY

• divides the nasal cavity into two halves (right and left)

1. Vestibule

2. Internal nasal cavity

NASAL CAVITY

• 2 Regions:

• Respiratory

• Olfactory

NASAL CAVITY

• 2 TYPES OF EPITHELIUM

Pseudo-stratified ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells

RESPIRATORY REGION OF NASAL CAVITY

• Epithelium of MUCOSA (MUCOUS MEMBRANE)

Venous sinuses

RESPIRATORY REGION OF NASAL CAVITY

Lamina propia:

• What type of sinuses can be found?

seromucous glands

RESPIRATORY REGION OF NASAL CAVITY

Lamina propia:

• What type of glands can be found?

• occasional lymphoid nodules

• plasma cells

• mast cells

RESPIRATORY REGION OF NASAL CAVITY

• Abundant lymphoid elements:

turbinates/conchae

RESPIRATORY REGION OF NASAL CAVITY

• red, thinly covered mucosae that increase the surface area of the nasal cavity in order to humidify the air

• superior

• middle

• inferior turbinates

RESPIRATORY REGION OF NASAL CAVITY

• layers of conchae:

nasal septum; superior concha

OLFACTORY REGION OF NASAL CAVITY

Site: Roof of nasal cavity

• Upper part of _____ over _______

Pseudo-stratified columnar epithelium

OLFACTORY REGION OF NASAL CAVITY

• Olfactory epithelium:

• Olfactory cells (olfactory nerve cells)

• Sustentacular (supporting) cells

• Basal cells

OLFACTORY REGION OF NASAL CAVITY

• Cells in Olfactory epithelium:

Sustentacular cells

OLFACTORY REGION OF NASAL CAVITY

OLFACTOR EPITHELIUM

• supporting cells

Basal cells

OLFACTORY REGION OF NASAL CAVITY

OLFACTOR EPITHELIUM

• Pyramidal in shape, basal in position and act as stem cells.

anosmia

OLFACTORY REGION OF NASAL CAVITY

• loss of sense of smell

epistaxis

OLFACTORY REGION OF NASAL CAVITY

• nose bleeding

Lamina propria

OLFACTORY REGION OF NASAL CAVITY

• Highly vascularized loose to dense CT

Bowman’s glands (olfactory glands)

OLFACTORY REGION OF NASAL CAVITY

COMPONENTS OF LAMINA PROPIA

• serous acini

Bundles of unmyelinated nerve fibers

OLFACTORY REGION OF NASAL CAVITY

COMPONENTS OF LAMINA PROPIA

• axons of olfactory nerve cells + Schwann-like cells (glial cells)

Bipolar neurons

OLFACTORY EPITHELIUM

• What type of neuron does olfactory cells have?

Dendrite

OLFACTORY EPITHELIUM

• _____ has olfactory vesicle that has nonmotile cilia

Schwann-like cells

OLFACTORY EPITHELIUM

• Axons are unmyelinated with _______

lamina propria

OLFACTORY EPITHELIUM

• Axons will collect in the _______ to form bundles of nerve fibers

olfactory nerve

OLFACTORY EPITHELIUM

• Bundles will collect to form the ______

nerve fiber

OLFACTORY EPITHELIUM

• many axons can form ____

olfactory nerve

OLFACTORY EPITHELIUM

• many nerve fiber can form ____

Sustentacular (supporting) cells

OLFACTORY EPITHELIUM

• columnar cells

Sustentacular (supporting) cells

OLFACTORY EPITHELIUM

• physical support and nourishment for olfactory cells

• Anosmia

• Hyposmia

OLFACTORY EPITHELIUM

• Clinical application

Hyposmia

OLFACTORY EPITHELIUM

CLINICAL APPLICATION

• decrease in sense of smell

Anosmia

OLFACTORY EPITHELIUM

CLINICAL APPLICATION

• loss of smell

• Respiratory epithelium

• Lamina propria

PARANSAL SINUSES

• Lining:

sinusitis

PARANSAL SINUSES

• Clinical application:

epithelium and lamina propria

LARYNX

• Mucosa has _____

• Epithelium

• Lamina propria

LARYNX

• 2 Components in mucosa:

• Respiratory epithelium

• Non keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

LARYNX

MUCOSA

• 2 types of Epithelium:

Non keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

LARYNX

MUCOSA

• Vocal folds

• Superior surface of epiglottis

• VESTIBULAR FOLD (immovable)

• VOCAL FOLDS (cords):

LARYNX (MUCOSA)

• There are 2 pairs of shelf-like mucosal folds:

• Hyaline cartilages

• Elastic cartilages:

LARYNX (MUCOSA)

• Cartilages:

Nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium

LARYNX (MUCOSA)

• Type of epithelium in VOCAL FOLDS (cords)

Thyroid cartilage

LARYNX (MUCOSA)

CARTILAGES

• Hyaline cartilages:

Epiglottis

LARYNX (MUCOSA)

CARTILAGES

• Elastic cartilages:

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells

RESPIRATORY EPITHELIUM

• Type of epithelium?

• Ciliated columnar cells

• Goblet cells

• Basal cells

• DNES (diffuse neuroendocrine system cells) cells

RESPIRATORY EPITHELIUM

• Main type of cells:

serotonin

RESPIRATORY EPITHELIUM

• What hormone that DNES secretes?

seromucous glands

TRACHEA

• Lamina propria: numerous _______ producing watery mucus

C-shaped rings

TRACHEA

• hyaline cartilage between the submucosa and adventitia

Trachealis muscle and a sheet of fibroelastic tissue

TRACHEA

• attached to the perichondrium

Hyaline cartilage ring

BRONCHI

• Primary bronchi: most _______ completely encircles the lumen

Mucus and serous glands

BRONCHI

• What type of glands?

Smooth muscles

BRONCHI

• What type of muscle?

mucosal glands; cartilage

BRONCHIOLES

• They lack both _______ and ______

Intralobular airways

BRONCHIOLES

• _______ with diameters of 1 mm or less

Bronchi

FEATURES OF AIRWAYS WITHIN THE LUNGS

• Epithelium: Respiratory

• Muscle and Skeletal Support: Prominent spiral bands of smooth muscle; irregular hyaline cartilage plates

Bronchi

FEATURES OF AIRWAYS WITHIN THE LUNGS

• Other Features and Major Functions: Repeated branching; conduct air deeper into lungs

Bronchioles

FEATURES OF AIRWAYS WITHIN THE LUNGS

• Epithelium: Simple ciliated cuboidal to columnar, with exocrine club cells

• Muscle and Skeletal Support: Prominent circular layer of smooth muscle; no cartilage

Bronchioles

FEATURES OF AIRWAYS WITHIN THE LUNGS

• Other Features and Major Functions: Conduct air; important in bronchoconstriction and bronchodilation

Terminal bronchioles

FEATURES OF AIRWAYS WITHIN THE LUNGS

• Epithelium: Simple cuboidal, ciliated cells and club cells

• Muscle and Skeletal Support: Thin, incomplete circular layer of smooth muscle; no cartilage

Terminal bronchioles

FEATURES OF AIRWAYS WITHIN THE LUNGS

• Other Features and Major Functions: Conduct air to respiratory portions of lungs; exocrine club cells with several protective and surfactant functions

Respiratory bronchioles

FEATURES OF AIRWAYS WITHIN THE LUNGS

• Epithelium: Simple cuboidal, ciliated cells and club cells, with scattered alveoli

• Muscle and Skeletal Support: Fewer smooth muscle fibers, mostly around alveolar openings

Respiratory bronchioles

FEATURES OF AIRWAYS WITHIN THE LUNGS

• Other Features and Major Functions: Conduct air deeper, with some gas exchange, and protective and surfactant functions of club cells

Alveolar ducts and sacs

FEATURES OF AIRWAYS WITHIN THE LUNGS

• Epithelium: Simple cuboidal between many alveoli

• Muscle and Skeletal Support: Bands of smooth muscle around alveolar openings

Alveolar ducts and sacs

FEATURES OF AIRWAYS WITHIN THE LUNGS

• Other Features and Major Functions: Conduct air, with much gas exchange

Alveoli

FEATURES OF AIRWAYS WITHIN THE LUNGS

• Epithelium: Types I and II alveolar cells (pneumocytes)

• Muscle and Skeletal Support: None (but with network of elastic and reticular fibers)

Alveoli

FEATURES OF AIRWAYS WITHIN THE LUNGS

• Other Features and Major Functions: Sites of all gas exchange; surfactant from type II pneumocytes; dust cells

Type 2 alveoli

BRONCHIOLES

• produce surfactants to avoid collapse.

Type 1 alveoli

BRONCHIOLES

• for gas exchange

ALVEOLI

Sacklike evaginations

• Respiratory bronchioles

• Alveolar ducts

• Alveolar sacs

ALVEOLI

• Forms:

Blood air barrier

ALVEOLI

• 2 or 3 highly attenuated, thin cells lining the alveolus

• The fused basal laminae of these cells and the endothelial cells of capillaries

• The thin capillary endothelial cells

Type 2 pneumocytes

ALVEOLAR WALLS

• bigger nucleus

• Production of surfactants

Type 1 pneumocytes

ALVEOLAR WALLS

• supporting cells