Semester #1 Collective Memory Recall

Combination of all subjects to study daily to enhance long term memory comprehension

Cognitive psychology

The scientific study of how people acquire, store, transform, use, and communicate information.

Introspection

A method where participants report their conscious thoughts and feelings.

Structuralism

An early school of thought (Wundt, Titchener) focused on analyzing the structure of conscious experience.

Functionalism

An approach (William James) that emphasized the purpose of mental processes and how they help people adapt.

Behaviorism

A school of psychology that focused only on observable behavior (Watson, Skinner).

Cognitive revolution

A 1950s-60s movement rejecting strict behaviorism, emphasizing internal mental processes.

Paradigm

A shared set of assumptions and methods that guide research in a field.

Information-processing approach

A model of cognition likening the mind to a computer: input → processing → output.

Ecological validity

The extent to which research findings generalize to real-world settings.

Neuroscience approach to cognition

Studying the biological basis of mental processes using brain imaging and other tools.

Wilhelm Wundt

Considered the founder of psychology as a science (established first psych lab, 1879).

William James

Associated with functionalism.

John B. Watson

Champion of behaviorism who rejected studying the mind.

B. F. Skinner

Extended behaviorism with operant conditioning.

Frederic Bartlett

Introduced the idea of schemas and constructive memory.

Richard Atkinson and Richard Shiffrin

Developed the first modern model of human memory (Atkinson-Shiffrin).

Limitation of introspection

It was subjective and not reliable for scientific measurement.

Behaviorists' rejection of mental processes

They believed only observable, measurable behavior was scientific.

Technological development for cognitive revolution

The computer (used as a metaphor for human information processing).

Difference between structuralism and functionalism

Structuralism = analyzing mental contents; Functionalism = studying mental processes' purposes.

Ecological validity of a study

Its results apply to real-world situations, not just lab settings.

Paradigm shift to cognitive psychology

The cognitive revolution.

Information-processing approach to remembering a name

Input: Hear the name. Encoding: Store it in memory. Storage: Keep it in memory system. Retrieval: Recall it when needed.

Combining behavioral experiments with neuroscience

Behavior shows what people do. Neuroscience shows how the brain does it. Together, they give a full picture of cognition.

Chemistry

The study of matter, its properties, and the changes it undergoes.

Matter

Anything that has mass and occupies space.

Substance

A form of matter with uniform and definite composition.

Physical property

A characteristic that can be observed without changing the substance (e.g., color, melting point).

Chemical property

A property that describes a substance's ability to undergo changes that transform it into different substances.

Physical change

A change that alters a substance's appearance but not its composition (e.g., melting ice).

Chemical change

A process that produces matter with a different composition (e.g., burning wood).

Intensive property

A property that does not depend on the amount of matter present (e.g., density, boiling point).

Extensive property

A property that depends on the amount of matter present (e.g., mass, volume).

Element

A pure substance made of only one kind of atom.

Compound

A substance made from two or more different elements chemically bonded.

Mixture

A physical combination of two or more substances that are not chemically bonded.

Homogeneous mixture

Mixture that is uniform throughout (e.g., salt water, coffee).

Heterogeneous mixture

Mixture that is not uniform throughout (e.g., salad, sand and water).

Periods

Periodic table rows.

Groups (or families)

Periodic table columns.

Chemical property example

Flammability.

Homogeneous mixture example

Air.

Element example

Sodium.

Physical change example

Sugar dissolving in water.

Chemical change example

Rust forming on iron.

Difference between compound and mixture

Compounds are chemically bonded; mixtures are physically combined.

Law of Conservation of Mass

Matter is not created or destroyed in chemical reactions.

Oxygen

Symbol: O, Atomic number: 8, Classification: nonmetal, chalcogen.

Sodium

Symbol: Na, Atomic number: 11, Classification: alkali metal.