UNIT 6 APWRLD

Ideas of the Enlightenment

Reason, individual rights, liberty, equality, progress, separation of powers, freedom of speech/religion.

Changes from previous philosophies

Shifted from absolute monarchy & divine right to focus on reason, democracy, and challenging tradition.

Factors spreading Enlightenment

Printing press, salons, trade routes, revolutions, and colonial exchanges spread ideas globally.

Natural rights

Life, liberty, property — rights people are born with, according to Locke.

Social contract

Agreement where people give up some freedoms for protection and order from government.

Nationalism definition & role

Pride in one’s nation or culture; inspired revolutions for independence and unification.

Social changes from Enlightenment

Challenged monarchies, pushed democratic reforms, inspired revolutions, and promoted equality and education.

Origins of feminism

Women began challenging inequality, inspired by Enlightenment ideals and revolutions.

Suffrage

The right to vote in political elections.

Mary Wollstonecraft & Olympe de Gouge

Wollstonecraft wrote Vindication of the Rights of Woman; de Gouge wrote Declaration of the Rights of Woman.

Causes of American Revolution

Taxation without representation, Enlightenment ideas, desire for self-government.

Effects of American Revolution

U.S. independence, inspired global revolutions, new democratic government.

Causes of French Revolution

Inequality, financial crisis, Enlightenment influence, and resentment toward monarchy.

Effects of French Revolution

End of monarchy, rise of Napoleon, spread of nationalism, and new political ideas.

Causes of Haitian Revolution

Slavery, harsh plantation system, and inspiration from French Revolution.

Effects of Haitian Revolution

First Black republic, end of slavery in Haiti, fear of slave revolts elsewhere.

Causes of Latin American revolutions

Inequality, colonial oppression, Enlightenment ideas, and Napoleonic wars.

Effects of Latin American revolutions

Independence of many nations, political instability, rise of caudillos.

Environmental factors causing Industrial Revolution

Abundance of coal, waterways, iron ore in Britain allowed industrial growth.

Where did Industrial Revolution begin & why

Began in Britain due to resources, capital, political stability, and innovation.

Factory system vs cottage industries

Factory system centralized labor and machines, unlike home-based cottage work.

Specialization of labor

Dividing tasks increased efficiency and output in factories.

Steam engine role

Transformed transportation and manufacturing; powered trains, ships, and factories.

Changes in energy resources

Shift from human/animal power and wood to coal, steam, and later electricity.

Second Industrial Revolution differences

Focused on steel, chemicals, electricity, and new tech vs. first focused on textiles/steam.

Technologies increasing trade & migration

Steamships, railroads, canals, telegraphs, and the Suez Canal boosted trade/movement.

Changes in economic systems

Shifted from mercantilism to capitalism; more free trade and private ownership.

Adam Smith & laissez-faire capitalism

Economist who promoted free-market economy with minimal government interference.

Industrial capitalism’s effects

Increased living standards for middle/upper classes; poor working conditions for others.

Factors for labor unions

Low wages, unsafe conditions, child labor, and long hours pushed workers to organize.

Changes from labor unions

Improved wages, hours, safety; inspired reforms and worker rights movements.

Karl Marx

German philosopher who co-wrote The Communist Manifesto, critiquing capitalism.

Communism

Classless society where all property is publicly owned; radical form of socialism.

Socialism

Economic system where resources are regulated/owned by the community or government.

Capitalism vs mercantilism

Capitalism favors free trade & private property; mercantilism focused on controlled trade and colonies.

Ottoman modernization

Tanzimat reforms: new laws, education, and infrastructure; opposed by conservatives and clergy.

Obstacles to Ottoman modernization

Religious opposition, internal corruption, and European interference.

Qing modernization efforts

Self-Strengthening Movement: modern weapons, industry, and schools.

Obstacles to Qing modernization

Conservative officials, corruption, and foreign dominance.

Social Darwinism

Belief that stronger races/nations naturally dominate weaker ones.

Civilizing mission

Idea that Europeans had a duty to spread Western values and culture.

Social Darwinism and imperialism

Justified colonization by claiming Europeans were “superior” and helping weaker nations.

Nationalism and imperialism

Pushed countries to expand power and spread their culture abroad.

King Leopold II & Congo

Exploited Congo for rubber/ivory; brutal forced labor and millions of deaths.

U.S. territories (1750–1900)

Puerto Rico, Guam, Philippines, and Hawaii.

Japanese territories (1750–1900)

Taiwan, Korea, parts of Manchuria, and Pacific islands.

Decline of Spain & Portugal

Lost colonies, economic struggles, and weakened militaries after 1750.

Indian Revolt of 1857

Caused by disrespect to Indian culture, harsh rule; ended Mughal power, direct British control.

Economic imperialism

Control through trade/economics rather than conquest; unlike direct colonization of earlier periods.

Causes of Opium Wars

British opium trade in China; China resisted, leading to war.

Outcome of Opium Wars

British victory, unfair treaties, and Chinese humiliation.

Environmental factors driving migration

Irish Potato Famine, Indian droughts, European crop failures.

Indentured servitude changes

Became global, with contracts sending Indian and Chinese workers abroad.

Chinese Exclusion Act

1882 U.S. law banning Chinese immigration.

White Australia Policy

Laws restricting non-European immigration into Australia.

Effects of migrations (1750–1900)

Cultural blending, labor supply growth, but also racism and anti-immigrant laws.