APWH Unit 2 Chapters 12-13

Study terms from chapters 12-13 of the textbook

Atahualpa

the last sovereign emperor of the Inca empire before the Spanish Conquest Captured by Francisco Pizarro and used to control the Incas Last sovereign emperor before the Spanish conquered the Incan empire. He was captured by Pizarro and used as a figurehead to control the empire

Audiencias

Courts appointed by the king who reviewed the administration of viceroys serving Spanish colonies in America

Brazil

largest country in South America

Conquistadores

Spanish 'conqueror' or soldier in the New World. They were searching for the 3-G's: gold, God, and glory

Criollos

Spaniards born in the New World

Doña Marina

Aztec woman who became an interpreter for Hernando Cortes during his conquest of the Aztec empire

Encomienda

A grant of authority over a population of Amerindians in the Spanish colonies. It provided the grant holder with a supply of cheap labor and periodic payments of goods by the Amerindians. It obliged the grant holder to Christianize the Amerindians

Engenho

Brazilian sugar mill; the term also came to symbolize the entire complex world relating to the production of sugar

Epidemic disease

disease acquired by many hosts in a given area in a short time

Francisco Pizarro

A Spanish explorer who traveled to Peru in 1532/ Defeated the Incas and colonized the area

Fur trade

European powers sought to capitalize on popularity of fur in Europe; involved trade with Indians

Hacienda

Spanish estates in the Americas that were often plantations. They often represent the gradual removal of land from peasant ownership and a type of feudalistic order where the owners of Haciendas would have agreements of loyalty to the capital but would retain control over the actual land. This continued even into the 20th century.

Hernán Cortés

Spanish conquistador who defeated the Aztecs and conquered Mexico (1485-1547)

Indentured labor

best alternative to unemployment for a wide range of people. People from poor countries leave their home to work in a more developed economy

James Cook

English navigator who claimed the east coast of Australia for Britain and discovered several Pacific islands (1728-1779)

Malintzin

A Mayan woman who spoke both Maya and Nahuatl (Aztec language); used by Cortes as a translator

Manila galleons

Heavily armed, fast ships that brought luxury goods from China to Mexico and carried silver from Mexico to China

Mestizo

A new racial concept that develops in Latin America following the intermixing that occurred between European colonists and the native American population

Métis

a half-breed of white and Indian parentage/People of mixed Native American and French Canadian descent

Mita system

The system recruiting workers for particularly difficult and dangerous chores that free laborers would not accept

Motecuzoma II

The last emperor of the Aztec empire

New Spain

Spanish colonial possessions in Mesoamerica; included most of central Mexico; based on imperial system of Aztecs

Peninsulares

Spanish-born, came to Latin America; ruled, highest social class

Potosí

Located in Bolivia, one of the richest silver mining centers and most populous cities in colonial Spanish America

Quinto

crown reserved the right to take 20% of all silver output, also maintained monopoly over mercury; Spanish took 20% of all silver output, Spanish crown maintained monopoly over mercury; Spanish royals took 20 percent of all silver output, also maintained monopoly over mercury

Smallpox

The overall deadliest known disease in the history of the world. In the 20th century alone there were approximately 500,000,000 people who died of this disease

Taíno

name of native people who lived in Hispaniola conquered by Columbus

Tenochtitlan

Capital of the Aztec Empire, located on an island in Lake Texcoco. Its population was about 150,000 on the eve of Spanish conquest. Mexico City was constructed on its ruins

Terra australis incognita

The great Southern continent yet to be discovered, drew the French and British into the Pacific

Tobacco

a preparation of the nicotine-rich leaves of an American plant, which are cured by a process of drying and fermentation for smoking or chewing

Virgin of Guadalupe

a representation of Virgin Mary- slightly darker complexion, mestizo looking, facial features- reflective of indian population or tribe in the America, good example of religious synthesis, in traditional mayan or inca religion- some female deities that looked like this Depicted with indigenous physical features (darker complexion) that made her more familiar to the native population---in effect, more acceptable. This was an example of Christian missionaries taking images known to the inhabitants and using them to fuse with symbols of their own religious figures.

Zacatecas

major mine in Mexico that produced silver

Zambos

According to Spanish and Portuguese colonizers, these are people of mixed Native American and African descent. Lowest tier of social class in colonial America

Creole language

a language that began as a pidgin language but was later adopted as the mother tongue by a people in place of the mother tongue

Dona Beatriz

the founder of the antonianism that stressed that Jesus Christ had been a black man and that Kongo was the true holy land; burned at the stake by Pedro IV

Fulani

a primarily Muslim people scattered throughout many parts of Africa, mostly in West Africa from Lake Chad in the east to the Atlantic coast. They are concentrated principally in Nigeria, Mali, Guinea, Senegal, and Niger but can also be found in several other countries.

Geechee

a dialect containing English words and words of African origin spoken chiefly by the descendants of African-American slaves settled on the Ogeechee river in Georgia compare gullah

Ghana

a powerful West African state that thrived from around the 6th to 13th centuries, known for its wealth derived from trans-Saharan trade, especially gold and salt

Great Zimbabwe

the name of the stone ruins of an ancient city near modern day Masvingo, Zimbabwe. People lived in Great Zimbabwe beginning around 1100 C.E. but abandoned it in the 15th century. The city was the capital of the Kingdom of Zimbabwe, which was a Shona (Bantu) trading empire.

Gullah

African-American dialect that blended English with Yoruba, Ibo, and Hausa.

Haiti

Name that revolutionaries gave to the former French colony of Saint Dominique; the term means "mountainous" or "rugged" in the Taino language

Jenne

an ancient city located in modern Mali, West Africa which flourished between c. 250 BCE - 1100 CE, making it one of the oldest cities in Sub-Saharan Africa

Khoikhoi

a member of a group of pastoral peoples who lived in far southern Africa when first encountered by Europeans and who now live mainly in Namibia

King Nzinga Mbemba

ruled 1506-1542. Followed Roman Catholicism and wanted to convert all his people

Kongo

central African state that began trading with the Portuguese around 1500

Mali Empire

a culturally rich, and resource-wealthy kingdom that spanned a large area of Western Africa between the 13th and 17th centuries C.E.

Manioc

a woody shrub native to South America

Middle passage

the route in between the western ports of Africa to the Caribbean and southern U.S. that carried the slave trade

Ndongo

Angolan kingdom that reached its peak during the reign of queen Nzinga

Olaudah Equiano

sold into slavery at age 11; after gaining freedom, he spoke out against slavery and published his autobiography

Plantations

large-scale agricultural estates that primarily focus on the cultivation of cash crops, such as sugar, tobacco, coffee, and cotton, often using enslaved or indentured labor

Queen Nzinga

Queen of Angola/Ndongo. Resisted Portuguese occupation. pretended to be a man. Led Ndongo through its peak, resists Portuguese forces; creates synthetic Christianity.

Saint Dominque

a French colony located on the western part of the island of Hispaniola, known for its lucrative sugar and coffee plantations during the 18th century

Santeria

a syncretic religion that originated in Cuba, combining elements of Yoruba spirituality with Roman Catholicism

Songhay Empire

successor state to Mali; dominated middle reaches of Niger valley; formed as independent kingdom under a Berber dynasty; capital at Gao; reached imperial status under Sunni Ali

Sunni Ali

created Sunni Dynasty; rule lasted 30 years; many military campaigns/victories; conquered Timbuktu and Djenne, which gave Songhai control of trade; focus on trading empire

Swahili

Arabic term meaning "coasters" referring to those who engaged in trade along the east African coast. Swahili City States. East African city state society that dominated the coast from Mogadishu to Kilwa and was active in trade

Timbuktu

a significant historical city in Mali, known for its role as a cultural and economic hub during the medieval period. It became a vital center for trade, education, and Islamic scholarship, connecting various regions across the Sahara and influencing the spread of Islam in West Africa.

Triangular trade

trade between Europe, Africa and the Americas that featured finished products from Europe, slaves from Africa and American products bound for Europe

Voudou

originated in the ancient kingdom of Dahomey (present-day Nigeria, Benin, and Togo) and derives from the Fon word for "God" or "Spirit." Other accurate spellings include Vodun, Vodoun, but never voodoo, the sensationalist and derogatory Western creation.