AI, Society, and Humanity Quiz 1 (Weeks 1-3)

AI Definitions

AI is any (1) system which makes judgments or decisions based on reasoning about a model and goals, which is (2) is usually trained on large datasets using ML procedures, and (3) performs rational human-like tasks with minimal supervision

Turing Machine

A single piece of tape and a database with instructions for every step to complete any computable task. Any function at all can be computed by a Turing machine.

AI Definitions

AI is any (1) system which makes judgments or decisions based on reasoning about a model and goals, which is (2) is usually trained on large datasets using ML procedures, and (3) performs rational human-like tasks with minimal supervision

Turing Machine

A single piece of tape and a database with instructions for every step to complete any computable task. Any function at all can be computed by a Turing machine.

GOFAI

Recursion, measures every step to find best outcome; no learning; also about the type of program, uses traditional symbols and rules (if then statements)

Machine Learning

Sophisticated, learns structure from data set; availability of big data, train machine using machine learning procedure; machine learning architects use features and weights (connections between features with weights, not easy to say what the procedure is)

Supervised learning

Other agents give labels (i.e. image recognition), has to predict the label, mapping

Unsupervised learning

Doesn’t have goal or feedback but tries to extract patterns

Reinforcement learning

Distance from some kind of goal, model of the world, adjust depending on results

Metaphysics of Mind

Theories about the nature of mind

Dualism

Soul and Physical are different; extended things that exist in time+space, and thinking things that exist outside of space/time (no location)

Materialism

Everything is made of physical stuff

Physicalism

Mind is a kind of physical state

Mind-Brain ID

Mind and brain are the same thing; every mental state is identical with some kind of brain state

Externalism

Every mental state is some kind of physical state, but physical states can be interactions between brain, body, and outside world

Behaviorism

Behave like a human, then you have a mind (pattern of actions); behaviors are feelings

Functionalism

Mind as a computing device (mind = software, body = hardware)

Intentionality

Relationship between mental states and objects out in the world

Turing Test

If a human cannot tell if an ai or a human answered his questions, then the ai passed the test.

Chinese Room

A man with a book of all possible Chinese phrases and takes the input and outputs what the Chinese room say to output. Does the room know Chinese.

Twin Earth

Two different substances both called water, if you use the word “water” to describe the other substance, are you correct? Externalists say no, you are not referring to the true meaning; meaning has connection to the surrounding world

Panpsychism

Everything has consciousness to some extent like tables and chairs

Eliminativism

Nothing has consciousness, illusion to be conscious

Theories of Consciousness

Could build conscious AI under these theories:

• Recurrent processing

  • Loopy-ness, recursion is consciousness

• Robust models / goals

  • Self perception

• Global workspace

  • Multi modal, integrate all inputs into single modal space ← this is consciousness

Could not build conscious AI under these theories:

• Biology

• Environmental interaction

  • Consciousness is emergent

• Integrated information

  • More complex = more conscious

Consciousness Thought-Experiments

What’s it like to be a bat

• can understand echolocation but still don’t know what it is like to be a bat

What Mary didn't know

• Mary knows everything there is to know about colors but has never seen color

Zombies and the conceivability argument

• Intellectual capacity but no consciousness; impossible to measure consciousness

The Problem of Personal Identity

Dualism (soul as basis of identity)

• Problem of other minds

Physicalism (something physical that remains the same over time)

• The problem of change

Functionalism (anything runs same program/has same structure = you)

• The fission problem

Eliminativism (personal identity does not exist)

• The problem of responsibility

Mind Uploading

Possible to recreate your mind in a machine and that would actually be you

The Fission Problem

Transporter example. On the transporter, you are vaporized and cloned to a new location. What if the transporter fails. Two versions of you but which one is you?