Com Exam 1

Criteria for selecting a topic

include relevance, interest, and scope for the audience. It's important to choose a topic that is engaging and manageable within the given constraints. ( matters to you, Appropriate to your audience, is narrowed down to a more approachable subject.)

How is public speaking enlarged conversation?

Public speaking enlarges conversation by extending dialogue to a larger audience, promoting engagement and encouraging diverse perspectives while fostering a deeper understanding of issues.

General Purposes of Speaking

to inform, to persuade, and to entertain

Definition of communication and key parts(SMCRF)

Communication is the process of exchanging information and ideas through verbal and nonverbal means, including key parts such as sender, message, channel, receiver, and feedback.

Content and relationship level of meaning

The content level of meaning refers to the literal information conveyed in a message, while the relationship level of meaning encompasses the emotions, attitudes, and contexts that influence how the message is interpreted between the communicators.

Types of communication

Verbal, nonverbal, written, and visual.

Unifying themes in the field (symbols, meaning, critical thinking, ethics)

Key concepts in communication include symbols used to convey meaning, the importance of critical thinking in interpreting messages, and the ethical considerations that govern communication practices.

Connection between digital media and communication

The relationship between digital media and communication involves how digital platforms transform the way messages are created, shared, and interpreted, affecting interpersonal and mass communication methods.

Prepare formally, present personally 

A communication approach that emphasizes the importance of thorough preparation while delivering messages in a personal and engaging manner to connect with the audience.

General purposes, definitions 

are the broad goals of communication, typically categorized as to inform, to persuade, or to entertain. These purposes guide the content and style of communication.

Specific purpose statement

A clear and concise declaration of the intended outcome of a speech or communication, outlining what the speaker aims to achieve with their message.

Thesis

A statement that presents the main argument or claim of a speech or written work, guiding the content and direction of the message.

Audience analysis – situational/demographic

The process of examining the characteristics of an audience, including situational and demographic factors such as age, gender, education, and context, to tailor the communication effectively.

Primary vs. secondary research 

Primary research involves the collection of original data directly from sources, while secondary research involves analyzing existing information previously collected by others.

Different types of research

include qualitative(answers the why), quantitative(answers the How much/many), primary, and secondary methods, each serving distinct purposes in data collection and analysis.

Types of evidence

The various forms of support used to substantiate claims in communication, including statistics, examples, testimonies, and expert opinions.

CRAAP

is an acronym used to evaluate sources based on Currency, Relevance, Authority, Accuracy, and Purpose, ensuring the reliability of information in research.

Oral citations (quotations)

are verbal references made during a speech or presentation to acknowledge the sources of information or ideas.

Paraphrase vs. Quote

A paraphrase is a restatement of information in one's own words, while a quote is a verbatim repetition of someone's exact words, often cited.

Presentation/Visual Aids types

include slides, charts, graphs, and handouts that enhance understanding and engagement during a presentation.

Guidelines for using visual aids

are principles that help ensure visual aids are effective, clear, and enhance the overall communication during presentations.

Speech outlines

are structured frameworks that organize the main points, supporting details, and the overall flow of a speech.

Patterns of Organization/Types

are methods for structuring information in a speech or presentation, including chronological, spatial, topical, and problem-solution formats.

Enumerated preview

is a technique used in speeches to outline the main points that will be discussed, typically presented at the beginning to prepare the audience.

Body’s main points

are the crucial arguments or ideas presented in the main section of a speech, supporting the overall purpose and reinforcing the message.

Transitions/signposts 

are verbal cues that guide the audience through the speech structure, indicating when you are moving from one point to another.

Brakelight 

is a technique used in speeches as a signal to the audience that a key point is being emphasized or concluded, often used to maintain engagement and highlight important information.

Communication apprehension

is the fear or anxiety associated with real or anticipated communication with others, which can affect a person's ability to speak effectively.

Ways to reduce, control, manage apprehension

include practice, deep breathing, positive visualization, and familiarization with the speaking environment.

Rehearsing a speech

involves practicing the delivery and content of a speech multiple times to improve confidence and performance.

Delivering a speech (4 methods) 

includes memorization(memorizing a whole speech), extemporaneous speaking, impromptu speaking(giving speech now with little preparation), and reading from a manuscript(reading from a paper).

Elements of effective delivery

are posture, eye contact, gestures, vocal variety, and pacing.

Compare informative speaking to persuasive speaking (4 differences)

Informative speaking aims to educate the audience about a topic, while persuasive speaking aims to convince the audience to adopt a specific viewpoint or take action. Informative speaking focuses on facts and clarity, whereas persuasive speaking incorporates emotional appeals and arguments to influence opinion. Informative speeches are usually neutral, while persuasive speeches take a stance. Finally, informative speaking prioritizes presenting information, while persuasive speaking emphasizes motivating the audience.

Guidelines for effective informative speaking (it will be important to have a thorough knowledge of the eight guidelines)

include clarity, organization, audience analysis, supporting materials, relevance, engagement, ethical considerations, and practice.

Review effective and ethical support materials use 

refers to selecting credible sources, using reliable evidence, citing appropriately, and ensuring that supporting materials enhance the presentation while respecting the audience's values and beliefs.

Three points to understanding persuasive speaking

Involves ethos, pathos, and logos to appeal to the audience's logic and emotions. Understanding the principles of argumentation, addressing counterarguments, and employing persuasive techniques are essential.

Three pillars of persuasion – Ethos, Pathos, Logos 

are the foundational elements used in persuasive speaking to convince an audience. Ethos refers to credibility, pathos appeals to emotions, and logos relies on logical arguments.

Credibility ( initial, derived, terminal)

refers to the trustworthiness and believability of a speaker or source. Initial credibility is the impression before speaking, derived credibility develops during the presentation, and terminal credibility is the lasting impression after the presentation.

Patterns of Organization (for persuasion)

are structured methods used to arrange persuasive messages. Common patterns include problem-solution, cause-effect, and chronological order, which help to effectively convey arguments and engage the audience.

Monroe’s Motivated Sequence (ANSVA)

is a five-step technique for organizing persuasive speeches that motivates an audience to take action. The steps include attention, need, satisfaction, visualization, and action.

Guidelines for effective persuasive speeches

are principles that help speakers craft compelling arguments, such as understanding the audience, incorporating emotional and logical appeals, and employing clear organization to enhance persuasion.

Identification

is a persuasive technique where speakers establish a connection with the audience by highlighting shared values, beliefs, or experiences to enhance rapport and reinforce the message.

Fallacies in argument development

are errors in reasoning that undermine the logic of an argument, often leading to misleading or invalid conclusions. Examples include ad hominem, straw man, and slippery slope fallacies. ( appeal to authority, has to be true because a person of authority said so).