bio3130lect12-chp18

Cell Cycle

The series of events that take place in a cell leading to its division and duplication.

M phase

The phase of the cell cycle where mitosis (nuclear division) and cytokinesis (cytoplasmic division) occur.

G1 phase

The first growth phase of the cell cycle where the cell grows and carries out its normal functions.

S phase

The phase of the cell cycle where DNA replication occurs.

G2 phase

The second growth phase of the cell cycle where the cell continues to grow and prepare for mitosis.

Mitosis

The process of nuclear division in which the duplicated chromosomes are divided into two identical sets.

Karyokinesis

The division of the cell nucleus during mitosis.

Cytokinesis

The division of the cytoplasm during mitosis, resulting in two daughter cells.

DNA replication

The process of copying DNA to produce an identical copy.

Checkpoints

Points in the cell cycle where the cell can pause and check if it is ready to proceed to the next phase.

Cyclin

A protein that regulates the progression of the cell cycle by binding to and activating cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdks).

Cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk)

An enzyme that is activated by cyclin and helps regulate the cell cycle.

Ubiquitination

The process of attaching ubiquitin molecules to a protein, marking it for degradation by proteasomes.

Proteasomes

Protein complexes that degrade proteins marked for destruction by ubiquitination.

Phosphorylation

The addition of a phosphate group to a molecule, often used to regulate protein activity.

Chromatin condensation

The process of compacting DNA into tightly coiled structures called chromosomes.

Nuclear envelope

The double membrane that surrounds the nucleus of a cell.

Microtubules

Cytoskeletal filaments involved in various cellular processes, including the formation of the mitotic spindle.

Spindle

A structure composed of microtubules that helps separate the chromosomes during mitosis.

Cohesins

Proteins that hold sister chromatids together during mitosis.

Centrosome

An organelle that helps organize the microtubules of the mitotic spindle.

Kinetochore

A protein structure on the centromere of a chromosome where microtubules attach during mitosis.

Anaphase

The stage of mitosis where the sister chromatids are pulled apart and move towards opposite poles of the cell.

Anaphase Promoting Complex (APC)

A protein complex that triggers the separation of sister chromatids during anaphase.