L13 CARDIAC DAY !

smooth muscle

arranged in sheets, stimulated by calcium

multi unit

contraction is performed smaller units independently

single unit

contract performed as a single coordinated unit (functional synctium)

cardiac muscle

striated with myosin/actin filaments, sliding filament contract method and calcium

smooth muscle

single-unit contractions, has pacemaker potentials/contraction

circulatory system

heart, blood vessels, blood

heart

exerts pressure on blood allowing it to be pushed to where it needs to go, requires a level of pressure and pressure gradient for controlling blood flow

blood vessles

tubes that act as passageways for blood to travel in

types of blood vessels

artery, vein, capillary, venule, arteriole

vasodilation

widening of blood vessels to increase blood flow

vasocontrsiction

constriction of blood vessels to decrease blood flow

blood

transport medium for materials or nutrients

2 circuit loops

pulmonary and systematic

pulmonary circuit

between heart and lungs

pulmonary purpose

extract oxygen from the lungs

systematic circuit

between heart and body issues, branches into parallel pathways to reach all organs

systematic purpose

deliver O2 in exchange for CO2 waste

artery/arteries/arterioles

carry oxygenated blood away from heart to other organs/tissues

veins/venules

carry deoxygenated blood toward the heart after organs/tissues have used O2

pulmonary exception

oxygen traits are reversed, arterioles take blood away from heart but is deoxygenated, veins bring blood back to heart but are oxygenated

systemic functions

transportation, regulation and protection

transportation

respiratory, digestive and excretion

regulation

hormonal and temperature

protection

clotting factors, immune system

Respiratory transportation

delivers oxygen

digestive transportation

delivers nutrients

excretion transportation

waste removal

hormonal regulation

transfer hormone molecules to target cells

temperature regulation

vasodilation = releases heat

vasoconstriction = retain heat

clotting protection

stops blood loss

immune protection

delivers white blood cells to fight infections

heart organization

2 halves and 4 chambers with seperately functioning pumps

upper chambers

atria/atrium

atrium

receives blood that is returning back to the heart

left atrium

oxygenated blood from the lungs

right atrium

deoxygenated blood from other organs/tissues

lower chambers

ventricles

ventricles

receives blood from the atriums, blood is then pumped out away from heart

right ventricle

pumps deoxygenated toward the lungs

left ventricle

pumps oxygenated blood to the body

septum

separator that divides the left side from the right side of the heart

left side heart

oxygen rich

right side heart

oxygen poor

blood circulation

Movement of blood throughout the body

circulation 1

-right atrium

-deoxygenated/ high CO2

-systematic veins

-blood comes from superior/inferior vena cava

circulation 2

-pumped into right ventricle

-pumps blood to lungs to replenish oxygen

overview on 1,2

systematic circuit funnels blood into the right side of the heart, right side funnels into the pulmonary circuit

circulation 3

blood sent to lungs via pulmonary artery

-blood becomes oxyegnated

circulation 4

-oxygenated blood leaves the lungs and re-enters the left atrium

-enters via the pulmonary veins

circulation 5

blood pumped from the left atrium to the left ventricle

circulation 6

blood leaves the left ventricle through the aorta

-blood pumped back into systematic circuit

overview 3-6

left side of the heart receives oxyegnated blood from lungs, redirects the blood through the aorta to the systematic circuit

blood pressure

left and right sides pump equal amounts of blood

uneven flow

excess heart straint

pump strength

is based upon pressure and resistance

pressure

force exerted on vessel walls

resistance

friction between the walls and blood

lower

pulmonarys pressure and resistance is

higher

systematic pressure and resistance is

left side vs. right side

left side works harder (right only to lungs, left to whole body)

one direction

blood has to move in

valves

prevents improper blood flow

passively

valves open and closes what with blood flow

blood vessles and heart

where are valves found

blood direction

veins - heart atria - heart ventricles - arteries - tissues

atrioventricular valves (AV)

located in between the atria and ventricles of the heart

types of AV valves

tricuspid and bicuspis (mitral)

tricuspid valve

right side

bicuspid (mitral) valve

left side

semilunar valves (SV)

located in between the ventricles and the arteries

SV types

pulmonary and aortic

filled

SV valves are normally closed when the ventricles are being

heart sound

based on closing of valves

lub sound

closing of atrioventricular (systole)

dub sound

closing of semilunar (diastole)

pacemaker potentials

the heart pumps from specific action potentials called

spontaneously generated

pacemaker potentials are are...

pacemaker nodes

these generate AP/PP resulting in rhythmic contraction of the heart