Chapter 1 Test- Raya Garyali

Flashcards for Chapter 1 Med Bio

Technology

The application of scientific knowledge for practical purposes.

Example: Computer, phone, sunglasses, etc.

Benefits

Favorable effects of the solution.

Cost and Risk

The Unfavorable effects of the solution.

Engineering Design Process

A method used to develop or improve technology. The process is iterative.

Iterative

Using repeating steps.

Criteria (singular criterion)

Sets a standard on which a solution can be based on.

Constraints

The limitations that a design or solution must stay within.

Tradeoff

An exchange for one thing in return for another.

Brainstorming

Creating idea for a solution by using a decision matrix or Pugh Chart.

Decision Matrix

Each criterion is given a number, weight, based on how important it is.

Prototype

The first build of a design and may not be built to scale or with the final materials.

Testing

It allows engineers to get feedback on the design.

Life cycle analyses

It’s an attempt to evaluate the real cost of a new technology or design. It also considers the environmental impact of materials and wastes from producing the design.

Environmental engineering

The focus on the relationship between humans and the environment in order to develop solutions to the problems.

System

A set of interacting components considered to be a distinct entity for the purpose of studying or understanding.

Boundaries

The space of the system, to separate that system from the rest of the universe.

Components

All parts of the system that interact to help the system carry out specific functions.

Feedback

Information from one step of a cycle that acts to change the behavior of previous of a cycle.

Feedback loop

It’s when an output returns to become an input in the same system that generated the output.

Inputs

What goes into a system

Outputs

What goes out of a system

Opened System

Both inputs and outputs flow in and out freely (both energy and matter).

Closed System

The flow of inputs and outputs are limited. (Only energy is exchanged).

Isolated System

The inputs and outputs are contained.

Inputs and Outputs

Refer to energy matter and information.

5 interconnected spheres

Geosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere, atmosphere (not oxygen), anthrosphere (man made stuff).

Biosphere

It'‘s made of ecosystem

Biotic Factor

Living or once living components

Abiotic Factor

Non-Living components like energy and matter.

Levels in Ecosystem (small to big)

Organism, population, communitym ecosystem, biome, biosphere

Terrestrial

Land based Ecosystem (~29%)

Aquatic

Water based ecosystem (~71%)

Characteristics of Living things

1. made of one or more cells

2. grow

3. reproduce

4. evolve

5. respond to environmental changes

6. maintain homeostasis (stable internal conditions)

Habitat

Includes both biotic and abiotic factors (where the organism lives)

Ecological Niche

An environment which includes everything that the organism needs to survive and reproduce. (how the organism lives within the habitat)

Food Sources

Types of food (how species compete for food and where the food is found in the food web)

Abiotic Conditions

The range of air, temperature, and the amount of water the species can tolerate.

Behavior

The time of day species is active (when and where it feeds and reproduces)

Ecosystem

Collection of habitats. A Complex relationship between organsims and their environment.

Predation

When one organism captures and eats another organism. It allows the transfer of energy up the food-web/food-chain

Competition

When organisms compete for limited resources such as food shelter, water, space, and etc.

Symbiosis

relationship between 2 different organisms

Mutualism

both species benefit

commensalism

One benefits the other is neither harmed or benefitted.

Parasitism

One is benefitted the other is harmed

Biodiversity

The measure of the number of different species found in one area.

Biodiversity Hotspot

An area with high levels of biodiversity.

Keystone Species

A single species of individuals that has a strong affect on an ecosystem.

Density

How much matter in a given space.

Population Density

(Equation)

How many individuals living in a given space.

[# of individuals/area(units²)]

Population dispersion

How organisms separate themselves within a population

Clumped

Resources are spread unevenly. Benefits: protection from predators and helps find mate.

Uniformed

When Individual compete. There are limited resources/territory.

Random

Least common pattern, individuals are spread randomly. For example: plants, wind, water, animals.

8 types of sampling

1. random

2. stratified

3. systematic

4. mark-recapture (tap & release method)

5. voluntary

6. evidence

7. purposive

8. quadrat (uses grids of known size)

4 things to be known to track population size

1. immigration

2. emigration

3. birth rate

4. death rate

2 things which population growth depends on

1. environmental changes

2. available resources: food, living spaces, H2O, O2

2 patterns of population growth

1. exponential

2. logistical

Exponential Growth

The population size will increase drastically over a short amount of time

Logistical growth

The growth of a population levels off to the size that the environment can support.

Carrying Capacity

The maximum number of individual that the environment can sustain and support.

Density-Dependent Limiting Factors

Competition, predation, and parasitism & disease.

Density-Independent Limiting Factors

Weather, Natural disaster, human activity.

Ecology

A measure of the disturbance & abundance of an organism.

Survey

Sample of a larger population.

Disturbance

Something that causes change to an environment.

1. Natural disturbances

2. Human caused disturbances

• Physical agent

• Chemical agent

• Biological agent

What can disturbances do?

1. destroy habitats

2. wipeout populations of organisms

3. contribute to tons of biodiversity

4. cause fragmentation of ecosystem

5. alter relationship among organisms

6. alter the cycling of abiotic factors

Resilience

The ability of an ecosystem to bounce back after a disturbance.

Genetic Diversity

How much variation in DNA is among a group of species.

Resistance

The ability of an ecosystem to resist change caused by disturbances.

Ecological Succesion

A series of biotic changes that occurs on bare land to create a community.

Primary Succession

When an ecosystem is created from bare rock.

Secondary Succesion

When an ecosystem is developed on bare soil.