kidneys assignment

Write the branches of the renal artery

segmental arteries -> interlobar arteries -> arcuate arteries -> interlobular arteries -> afferent arteries (which then go into the glomerulus)

Name the fascia which encloses the kidneys, adrenal gland and perinephric fat.

Gerota's fascia (or renal fascia)

Describe the appearance of dromedary hump

it looks like a cortical bulge on the lateral aspect of the kidney that has the same echogenicity as the rest of the cortex

Describe the appearance of junctional parenchymal defect

it looks like a hyperechoic wedge-shaped defect in the anterior aspect near the junction of the upper and middle parts of the kidney

Describe the appearance of extrarenal pelvis

It looks like a cystic collection medial to the renal hilum

What three criteria suggest that a cyst is atypical and possibly malignant

– Multiple thick septations 

– Irregular walls 

– Thick calcifications

Bilateral enlargement of the adult kidney caused by numerous cyst of varying sizes is seen with which disease

autosomal dominant (adult) polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD)

Describe the sonographic appearance of infantile polycystic kidney disease

• enlarged bilateral kidneys

• hyperechoic parenchyma

• loss of cortical medullary distinction

What would a sonographer look for in patient with a history of tuberous sclerosis

angiomyolipomas

What are other names for renal cell carcinoma

hypernephroma or adenocarcinoma

Which  mass should be suspected when filling defect is noted in the bladder

transitional cell carcinoma (TCC)

What is the most common solid tumor in children diagnosed by ultrasound

Wilm’s tumor

What are the ultrasound findings associated with significant acute pyelonephritis

Most patients have normal kidneys on ultrasound, but there could be renal enlargement with diffuse swelling; loss of distinction between the renal cortex and medulla, or even a normal renal size with a focal, indistinct, hypoechoic wedge-shaped segment of parenchyma; similar in appearance to renal infarct

What is pyonephrosis

pus in the collection system

Which malignant tumor is associated with the  urinary collecting system (renal pelvis,ureter and bladder)

urothelial carcinoma (or TCC)

What is the main cause of renal vein thrombus

Presence of obstructive or non-obstructive clot in the renal vein

What is the main cause of acute renal failure

acute tubular necrosis (ATN)

List four sonographic  criteria for determining renal artery stenosis

• Peak systolic velocity of greater than 150 cm/sec. 

• Peak systolic velocity ratio of renal artery: aorta (RAR) greater than 3.5. 

• When stenosis is completely obstructing, no detectable flow within the renal artery. 

• Loss of diastolic flow

Describe the sonographic appearance of ureterocele

the distal ureters are dilated and simple cystic structures projecting into the bladder lumen

With decreasing renal function, what two waste products increase in serum concentration?

creatinine and blood urea nitrogen (BUN)

What is Urinoma associated with

renal transplant as a post-operative complication

What is the renal artery to aortic ratio in normal

<3.5