Earth and Space final

Mr. H

14MYA

14 million Years Ago

88% of Earth’s History

The Precambrian Time

Mass extinction in the Permian period

Led to the rise of dinosaurs and the dominance of reptiles

Impact Hypothesis

Theory that a massive asteroid impact caused the mass extinction at the end of the Cretaceous Period

Most common Precambrian fossils

Stromatolites

End of the Permian Period

The largest mass extinction in Earth’s history

Oldest sedimentary rock location

At the bottom of a rock column

Best method of determining rock ages

Radiometric dating

Law of Fanal Succession

Fossils succeed one another in a definite and recognizable order; this helps in dating rocks

Dinosaurs went extinct

At the end of the Cretaceous Period

Coal formation

Forms from plant material buried and subjected to heat and pressure over millions of years

Folded mountains formation

Created when two continental plates collide and compress

Subduction

The process where one tectonic plate moves under another, sinking into the mantle

Dome mountain formation

Created when molten Rock pushes the crust upward but doesn’t break the surface

Volcanic mountains

Formed by volcanic activity when magma reaches the surface

Instrument for air pressure

Barometer

Components of our atmosphere

Nitrogen (78%), Oxygen (21%), Argon (.93%), Carbon Dioxide (.04%), and trace gases G

Global wind belts

Trade Winds, Westerlies, and Polar Easterlies

Prevailing winds in the U.S.

Westerlies

Coriolis effect

Objects traveling north curve to the right in the Northern Hemisphere

Particulates

Small solid or liquid particles suspended in the air

Auroras in the atmosphere

Occur in the Ionosphere {

Process removing water vapor

Condensation and precipitation

Greenhouse effect

warming of Earth’s surface due to trapping of heat by greenhouse gases

As air is warmed it…

expands and rises

Large body of air with similar temperature and moisture

Air mass

Air mass characteristics

Takes on the temperature and moisture characteristics of the area it forms over

Types of air masses

Continental Polar, Maritime Polar, Continental Tropical, and Maritime Tropical

Continental Polar

Cold and dry, forms over land

Continental Tropical

Warm and dry, forms over land

Maritime Polar

Cold and moist, forms over oceans

Maritime Tropical

Warm and moist, forms over oceans

Where meteorologists solve equations and store data

Supercomputers and weather stations

Radar usage

Uses radio waves to detect velocity and location of objects

Studying upper atmospheric conditions

Helps predict weather patterns and understand climate change

Doppler radar creates

Detailed weather maps showing precipitation and storm movement

Pattern of meteorological symbols

Weather station model

H and L on a weather map

High pressure (H) and Low pressure (L)

Conveying information on a weather map

Symbols, colors, and lines

Weather with a warm front

Generally brings light rain followed by warmer temperatures

Station model shows

Temperature, wind speed, direction, and atmospheric pressure

Lines connecting equal temperature points

Isotherms

Weather balloon

An instrument that carries sensors into the atmosphere to collect weather data

Issued when severe weather is spotted

Weather Warning

Hottest stars color

Blue

Stars appear to move

Due to earths rotation

Star moving away from Earth spectrum

Redshifted

Determining star composition and temperature

Spectroscopy

White dwarf

A small, dense star that is the remnant of a low or medium- mass star

Energy in a star’s core

Generated by nuclear fusion during the main sequence stage

Sun’s mass star on main sequence

About 10 billion years

Star that has gone giant

A star that has expanded and cooled after using its core hydrogen

Binary stars

Two stars that orbit a common center of mass

Galaxy

A massive system of stars, planets, gas, and dust bound together by gravity

Light year

The distance light travels in one year (about 5.88 trillion miles)

Most of the universe

Made up of dark matter and dark energy

Star’s spectra moving towards you

Blueshifted

Apparent magnitude

How bright a star appears from Earth

Absolute Magnitude

The true brightness of a star if it were 10 parsecs away

Hubble’s redshift discovery

Evidence that the universe is expanding

Frequency changes due to motion

Doppler Effect

Negative vs. positive apparent magnitude

Negative means brighter; positive means dimmer

Parallax use

to measure the distance of stars

H-R Diagram

Graph that shows the relationship between a star’s brightness and its temperature

Hubble’s discovery

Galaxies are moving away, indicating an expanding universe

Cosmic background radiation origin

Leftover energy from the Big Bang

Big Bang occurrence

About 13.8 billion years ago

Temperature of cosmic background radiation

About 2.7 Kelvin