Nephrons

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14 Terms

1
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What is the functional unit of kidney?

Nephrons

2
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Each nephrons is composed of?

  • Renal corpuscle

  • Proximal convoluted tubule

  • Loop of Henle

  • Distal convoluted tubule

<ul><li><p><span style="color: red"><strong>Renal corpuscle </strong></span></p></li><li><p><span style="color: red"><strong>Proximal convoluted tubule </strong></span></p></li><li><p><span style="color: red"><strong>Loop of Henle </strong></span></p></li><li><p><span style="color: red"><strong>Distal convoluted tubule </strong></span></p></li></ul><p></p>
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What are the 2 types of nephrons?

  • Cortical nephron

  • Juxtamedullary nephron

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Cortical vs Juxtamedullary Nephron #ff9500

  • Location

  • Loop of Henle

  • Function

Cortical:

  • Location: Outer cortex

  • Loop of Henle: Short (doesn’t dip into medulla)

  • Function: Filtration

Juxtamedullary:

  • Location: Boarder of cortex and medulla (corticomedullary junction)

  • Loop of Henle: Long (extends into medulla)

  • Function: Concentrates urine

<p><span style="color: purple"><strong><mark data-color="purple" style="background-color: purple; color: inherit"><u>Cortical:</u></mark></strong></span></p><ul><li><p><strong><u>Location:</u> </strong><span style="color: purple"><strong>Outer cortex </strong></span></p></li><li><p><strong><u>Loop of Henle:</u> </strong><span style="color: purple"><strong>Short</strong></span><strong> </strong>(<em>doesn’t dip into medulla</em>) </p></li><li><p><strong><u>Function:</u> </strong><span style="color: purple"><strong>Filtration</strong></span><strong> </strong></p></li></ul><p></p><p><span style="color: #ff9500"><strong><mark data-color="yellow" style="background-color: yellow; color: inherit"><u>Juxtamedullary:</u></mark></strong></span></p><ul><li><p><strong><u>Location:</u> </strong><span style="color: #ff9500"><strong>Boarder</strong></span><strong> </strong>of <span style="color: #ff9500"><strong>cortex</strong></span><strong> </strong>and <span style="color: #ff9500"><strong>medulla</strong></span><strong> </strong>(<em>corticomedullary junction</em>) </p></li><li><p><strong><u>Loop of Henle:</u> </strong><span style="color: #ff9500"><strong>Long</strong></span><strong> </strong>(<em>extends into medulla</em>) </p></li><li><p><strong><u>Function:</u> </strong><span style="color: #ff9500"><strong>Concentrates urine </strong></span></p></li></ul><p></p>
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Nephrons: Renal Corpuscle #ff00d8

  • Function

  • Location

  • Consist of

Function: Filter blood (first stage urine production)

Location: Cortex of kidney

Consist of:

  • Glomerulus (tuft of capillaries)

  • Bowman’s capsule (double walled capsule that surrounds glomerulus)

<p><strong><u>Function:</u></strong><span style="color: #ff00d8"><strong> Filter blood</strong></span><span><strong> </strong></span>(<em>first stage urine production</em>)</p><p><strong><u>Location:</u> </strong><span style="color: #ff00d8"><strong>Cortex</strong></span><strong> </strong>of <span style="color: #ff00d8"><strong>kidney</strong></span></p><p><strong><u>Consist of:</u> </strong></p><ul><li><p><span style="color: #ff00d8"><strong>Glomerulus</strong></span><strong> </strong>(<em>tuft of capillaries</em>) </p></li><li><p><span style="color: #ff00d8"><strong>Bowman’s capsule</strong></span><strong> </strong>(<em>double walled capsule that surrounds glomerulus</em>) </p></li></ul><p></p>
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Nephron: Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT) #e6ca00

  • What

  • Location

  • Function

What: Longest part of tubular system of nephron

Location: Continuation of capsular space of Bowman’s capsule

Function: Reabsorption and secretion (to balance pH)

<p><strong><u>What:</u> </strong><span style="color: #e6ca00"><strong>Longest part </strong></span>of <span style="color: #e6ca00"><strong>tubular system</strong></span><strong> </strong>of <span style="color: #e6ca00"><strong>nephron</strong></span><strong> </strong></p><p><strong><u>Location:</u> </strong><span style="color: #e6ca00"><strong>Continuation</strong></span><strong> </strong>of <span style="color: #e6ca00"><strong>capsular space </strong></span>of <span style="color: #e6ca00"><strong>Bowman’s capsule</strong></span></p><p><strong><u>Function:</u> </strong><span style="color: #e6ca00"><strong>Reabsorption</strong></span><strong> </strong>and <span style="color: #e6ca00"><strong>secretion</strong></span><strong> </strong>(<em>to balance pH</em>) </p>
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Nephron: Loop of Henle

  • Continues from

  • Location

  • Function of descending limb

  • Function of ascending limb

Continues from: PCT

Location: Descend into medulla of kidney, makes U-turn and heads back up into cortex

Function of descending limb: H2O reabsorption

Function of ascending limb: Solute (Na+, K+, Cl-) reabsorption

<p><strong><u>Continues from:</u> </strong><span style="color: #fbce00"><strong>PCT</strong></span><strong> </strong></p><p><strong><u>Location:</u> </strong><span style="color: #ff7700"><strong>Descend</strong></span><strong> </strong>into <span style="color: #ff7700"><strong>medulla</strong></span><strong> </strong>of <span style="color: #ff7700"><strong>kidney</strong></span><strong>, </strong>makes<span style="color: #ff7700"> <strong>U-turn</strong></span><strong> </strong>and heads<span style="color: #ff7700"> <strong>back up </strong></span>into <span style="color: #ff7700"><strong>cortex</strong></span><strong> </strong></p><p><strong><u>Function of descending limb:</u> </strong><span style="color: #ff7700"><strong>H2O reabsorption </strong></span></p><p><strong><u>Function of ascending limb:</u> </strong><span style="color: #ff7700"><strong>Solute</strong></span><strong> </strong>(<em>Na+, K+, Cl-</em>) <span style="color: #ff7700"><strong>reabsorption</strong></span><strong> </strong></p>
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Nephrons: Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT)

  • Location

  • Drain into

  • Then what occurs

Location: Continuation of ascending part of LoH

Drain into: Collecting duct

Then what occurs: Collecting duct collects renal filtrate and transport it to calyx or renal pelvis directly

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What is the pathway of collecting ducts?

Collecting duct runs through medulla before opening into papillary duct which opens at the renal papilla into renal calyx/pelvis

<p><span style="color: blue"><strong>Collecting duct</strong></span><strong> </strong>runs through <span style="color: blue"><strong>medulla</strong></span><strong> </strong>before <span style="color: blue"><strong>opening</strong></span><strong> </strong>into <span style="color: blue"><strong>papillary duct </strong></span>which opens at the <span style="color: blue"><strong>renal papilla</strong></span><strong> </strong>into<span style="color: blue"> <strong>renal calyx/pelvis </strong></span></p>
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Renal Circulation

  • Kidneys are supplied by

  • Renal arteries branch to form

  • Interlobular arteries branch to form

  • Arcuate arteries branch to form

Kidneys are supplied by: Renal arteries

Renal arteries branch to form: Interlobar arteries which extend between medullary pyramids

Interlobular arteries branch to form: Arcuate arteries in meullary cortical boundary

Arcuate arteries branch to form: Interlobular arteries where they divide into afferent arteries —> arterioles supplying glomerular capillaries

  • Aorta → main artery of the body

  • Renal artery → supplies each kidney

  • Interlobar artery → runs between pyramids in the renal columns

  • Arcuate artery → arches over base of renal pyramids

  • Interlobular artery → enters the cortex

  • Afferent arteriole → supplies each nephron’s glomerulus

  • Glomerular capillaries → where filtration occurs

  • Efferent arteriole → exits the glomerulus and splits

<p><strong><u>Kidneys are supplied by:</u> </strong><span style="color: red"><strong>Renal arteries</strong></span></p><p><strong><u>Renal arteries branch to form:</u> </strong><span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 209)"><strong>Interlobar</strong></span><strong> </strong>arteries which <span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 209)"><strong>extend</strong></span><strong> </strong>between <span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 209)"><strong>medullary pyramids</strong></span></p><p><strong><u>Interlobular arteries branch to form:</u> </strong><span style="color: rgb(189, 0, 255)"><strong>Arcuate</strong></span><strong> </strong>arteries in <span style="color: rgb(189, 0, 255)"><strong>meullary cortical boundary</strong></span></p><p><strong><u>Arcuate arteries branch to form:</u> </strong><span style="color: blue"><strong>Interlobular arteries</strong></span><strong> </strong>where they divide into <span style="color: blue"><strong>afferent arteries </strong></span>—&gt; <span style="color: blue"><strong>arterioles</strong></span><strong> </strong>supplying<span style="color: blue"> <strong>glomerular capillaries</strong></span></p><ul><li><p class=""><strong>Aorta</strong> → main artery of the body</p></li><li><p class=""><strong>Renal artery</strong> → supplies each kidney</p></li><li><p class=""><strong>Interlobar artery</strong> → runs between pyramids in the renal columns</p></li><li><p class=""><strong>Arcuate artery</strong> → arches over base of renal pyramids</p></li><li><p class=""><strong>Interlobular artery</strong> → enters the cortex</p></li><li><p class=""><strong>Afferent arteriole</strong> → supplies each nephron’s glomerulus</p></li><li><p class=""><strong>Glomerular capillaries</strong> → where <strong>filtration</strong> occurs</p></li><li><p class=""><strong>Efferent arteriole</strong> → exits the glomerulus and splits</p></li></ul><p></p>
11
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Blood picks up waste and enters the kidney how?

Renal artery —>

Interlobar artery —>

Arcuate artery —>

Afferent arteriole —>

Glomerular capillaries

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What molecules can enter Bowman’s capsule?

Only small molecules (urea, minerals), excess water and waste products while larger (protein, blood cells) stay in blood vessels

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What are the 3 important processes

  • Filtration

  • Reabsorption

  • Urine excretion

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How does the filtered deoxygenated blood leave the kidney?

Peritubular capillaries (cortical) OR Vasa recta (juxtamedullary) —>

Interlobular vein —>

Arcuate vein —>

Interlobar vein —>

Renal vein —>

Caudal vena cava —>

Heart