APUSH TERMS

Aztecs

Native American tribe in Mesoamerica that had large civilizations

Maize

the main crop adopted by different Native Americans

Three-Sisters Farming

beans, squash, and maize grown together, it was used by the Iroquois

The Great Basin

A region that was arid and drained that led to nomadic lifestyles for its inhabitants

The Great Plains

inhabitants in this region used a hunter-gatherer lifestyle and hunted Bison

Western Tries

Region of the Pacific Coast whose tribes used hunting-gathering style, controlled burns, and fishing.

finding new routes for trade in Asia

Why was europe motivated to conquer the US

Vasco de Gama (1498)

led to Portuguese to circumnavigate around Africa to get to Asia

Christopher Columbus (1492)

He found the new world and showed it to the Old World starting the greating changein global trade and interaction between Europe and the Americas.

Ferdinand and Isabella

the King and Queen of Spain who sponsored Columbus and were interested in America

motivation of gold

this motivated European countries to get more resources from America and increased their own economy

tobacco, maize, beans, tomatoes, and potatoes

New World Plants

led to increase in population

Potatoes in Europe

Capitalism

replaced Feudalism and had a demand for imported goods and gold from the new world and helped create a market economy

Caravel, compass, and sextant

These developments for ships allowed them to make transatlantic journeys

Joint-Stock companies

they allowed companies to pool money from investors to fund new exploration

Hernan Cortes and Francisco Pizarro

They defeated the major American empires

Mission System

System that focus on converting the Native Americans by assimilation

sugar, pigs, cattle, and horses

Old World crops introduced to the native pops

smallpox

One of the diseases that the Old World brought to America that decimated 90% of the natives at that time since they had no immunity

Encomienda System

• It granted and coerced labor from Native Americans to Spanish settlers

• Spanish promised to Christianize natives

• The Natives were exploited for their work

Bartolome de Las Casas

He was an advocate for the rights of Native Americans and opposed the encomienda system

Juan Gines de Sepulveda

He favored the Spanish Conquest of the Americas and said that the Native Americans where “Barbarian”

Enslaved African laborers

• These people got imported to the New World in order to have a stronger and more reliable labor force than the Natives

• they went to work on sugar plantations

• Also called Human Chattel

• ultimately 12.5 M transported

Spanish Casta System

This happened due to intermarriages between the Spanish, Natives, and Africans in the New World

• Peninsulares > Creoles (Spanish born in N.W.) > Mestizos & Mulattos > African Slaves > Native Americans

Differences between Europeans and Natives

• Not Christian

• gold vs wampums

• women had some political power

• private vs communal ownership of land

Cultural Exchanges

• Trade

• access to horses and weapons

• sugar plantations and trade with Euro countries

• Intermarriage increased it

Pope’s Rebellion/ Pueblo Revolt

This happened due to Spanish subjugation.

Natives destroyed Catholic Churches and expelled the Spanish for about 12 years

De Las Casas vs Sepulveda

They debated against Native American Slavery and this debate ended the encomienda system

The repartimiento system

This was put into place after the end of the encomienda system and it allowed Natives to have more freedom and they endured coerced labor more intermittently

Effects of Transatlantic Voyages

Some effects of this were

• Spain’s success would be envied by the rest of Europe

• The overexpansion in the New World and Europe left it vulnerable to demise

sea dogs

They are English privateers, or buccaneers, authorized by Queen Elizabeth I to raid enemy shipping and settlements

Quebec (1608); founded Samuel de Champlain

This was the first permanent settlement of the French

New Orleans (1718)

This settlement was established by the French and it became a trading hub

focused on trade and more peaceful

The French and Native American relationships were

Dutch Exploration

started by Henry Hudson in Hudson River Valley

Dutch West India Company

This controlled Dutch settlements and economic activity

Patroonships

These were offered to draw more settlers to the New World (specifically Dutch West India Company)

• they moved as family units

• hoped to get land and religious freedom

• They expelled the Natives and had conflictual relationships with them because of pushing them out of their land

English Expansion

William Penn

He tried to establish friendly relations with the Natives and he establish Pennsylvania which was a religiously tolerant colony

Tobacco

These crops/plantations dominated the southern colonies

indentured Servants

They were servants who signed contracts to agree to work for a specific period of time to pay off debts or for transportation to America

Jamestown (1607)

This was the first permanent English settlement in the Americas in Virginia

It was hard for them at the beginning but then they figured it out

It saved from starvation by John Smith