HUN1201 Midterm Exam

six essential (or classes of) nutrients

carbohydrates, lipids (fats), proteins, vitamins, minerals, water

energy-yielding nutrients

carbohydrates, fats, proteins

macronutrients

carbohydrates, fats, proteins

micronutrients

vitamins & minerals

kcal values of energy nutrients

cab: 4 kcal/g, fat: 9 kcal/g, protein: 4 kcal/g

abstract

a summary

hypothesis

educated guess

references

all the material used & cited that is put on the last page of the paper

correlation

comparing one variable to another

sample size

total number of people included

tolerable upper limit (UL)?

maximum nutrient intake before it becomes toxic

estimated average requirement (EAR)

average daily intake to meet the requirements of 50% of healthy people

recommended dietary allowance (RDA)?

average daily intake that meets 98% of healthy people

a woman consumes 500g of carbohydrates, 30g of protein, & 75g of fat. calculate the number of kcal in this meal.

500g x 4kcal/g = 2000 kcal

30g x 4kcal/g = 120 kcal

75g x 9kcal/g= 2795 kcal

2000 kcal + 120 kcal + 675 kcal = 2795 kcal

a woman consumes 500g of carbohydrates, 30g of protein, and 75g of fat and the number of kcal in this meal is 2795g, did she meet the AMDR? (note: kcal/day = 2000 & AMDR: carbs: 45-65%, fats: 20-35%, & proteins: 10-35%)

CHO 2000/2795 = 72% exceed

PRO 120/2795= 10% no, deficient

FAT 675/2795 = 24% yes

what is the AMDR for carbohydrates, fats, and proteins

45-65%, 20-35%, & 10-35%

estimated percent of body weight that is made up of water

60%

amount of nutrients per calories (nutrient content per calorie)

nutrient density

what are the food groups in myplate?

vegetables, fruits, grains, protein, & dairy

which food group is not part of the plate on myplate?

dairy

adding micronutrients back to a food product that were lost during processing

enrichment

adds additional micronutrients not present (or present in small amounts) prior to processing (extra nutrients added back)

fortification

food ingredients on food labels are listed in

(Ingredients: H2O…………………………………………………… Corn

water is the greater quantity/concentration)

decreasing order of concentration

fat-soluble vitamins are

A,D, E, K (taken with meals)

water-soluble vitamins are

B & C

Vitamin B12 is only found in

animal products (NO PLANTS)

vegan diet is

no animal-derived foods

ovo vegetarian

excludes all animal-based foods except eggs

lacto-ovo vegetarian

excludes all animal-based foods except egg & milk

why do we use the 2000 kcal/value?

for sedentary younger women, active older women, & sedentary older men

how many kcal are in 1b of fat?

3500 kcal

process where chewing up food happens

mastication

creates a ball-like mixture of food and saliva in the mouth during chewing

bolus

when the bolus travels down to the esophagus into the stomach and mixes with hydrochloric acid and juices, it is called

chyme

the acid in the stomach is called

hydrocholoric acid

the pH of hydrochloric acid is

1.5

pH measures

how acidic or basic a solution is

the ranges of the pH scale are

0-14

neutral pH is

7

acidic pH range

0-6.9

alkaline pH range

7.1-14

majority of digestion occurs in the

small intestine

GI tract starts and ends

mouth —> esophagus —> stomach —> small intestine —> large intestine —> anus

small, pear-shaped organ on the right side of your abdomen, just beneath your liver

gallbladder

space in GI tract (where food travels)

lumen

circular muscles that acts like a valve in the body

sphincters

which part of the small intestine does fat emulsification occur

duodenum

chemical (enzyme) that emulsifies fat

bile

bile is made in ___ and stored in ___

liver, gallbladder

if a person has their gallbladder removed, they should modify their diet with

reduced or no fat

what is the name of the structure that lines the small inestine

villi

villi is covered with small hair-like structures called

microvilli

function of villi and microvilli

increase surface area & facilitate absorption

in gluten sensitivity or celiac disease, the villi are

bluntened (shortened) & absorption rate is slow

when a baby is born, their intestines are sterile and when they start growing within 6 mo to a year, their intestine is colonized by bacteria called

microbiota

to improve microbiota in the body, take

probiotics (yogurt)

senses lipids (eaten some fat) and sends a message to the gallbladder to release bile into small intestine

cholecystokinin

a person with celiac disease has a probelem (or can’t eat) with

gluten (wheat, barley, rye, oat)

monosacccharides consists of

glucose, galactose, fructose

disaccharides consists of

lactose, sucrose, maltose

glucose + galactose creates

lactose

glucose + fructose creates

sucrose

glucose + glucose creates

maltose

sucrose is what type of sugar

table sugar

glucose is what type of sugar

blood sugar

fructose is what type of sugar

fruit sugar

lactose is what type of sugar

milk sugar

links two monosaccharides together

condensation

breaks a disaccharide into two

hydrolysis

glucose is stored in

glycogen

glucagon takes in ___ and converts glycogen into ___

glycogen, glucose

glucagon sends a signal to

liver & muscles

since glycogen is reserved in the ___, how much do you have in your liver to survive?

liver, 1 day

name of hormone that reduces blood sugar

insulin

insulin is produced in ___ by ___

pancreas, beta cells

type 1 diabetes is

insulin dependent

type 2 diabetes is

non-insulin independent

medications for type 2 diabetes include

glyburide & metformin

when sugar is low in blood

hypoglycemia

the hormone that brings up blood glucose

glucagon

when sugar is high in blood

hyperglycemia

carbohydrate digestion begins in the

mouth

carbohydrate digestion stops once it’s in the

stomach

carbohydrate digestion ceases in the stomach because of the

acidity in the stomach (hydrochloric acid)

HCl does not burn the stomach because of the

lining of mucous cells

what is the source of energy in a ketogenic diet?

fat

the energy sources in a ketogenic diet are called

ketones/ketone bodies

during ketosis,

fat breaks down & makes ketones that circulates in the blood

gluconeogenesis

converts amino acids to glucose (protein —> energy)

normal range for blood glucose

60-99 mg/dL

1 tsp of sugar provides about

4g of carbs

Since 1sp of sugar provides about 4g of carbs, how many kcal is that?

4g x 4 kcal/g = 16 kcal

cholesterol is only found in

animal derived foods

HDL (high density lipoprotein) is what kind of cholesterol compared to LDL and VLDL?

good cholesterol (lower risk for heart disease & stroke)

What is one way to increase HDL?

exercising (want it to be high)

What food is highest in omega 3 fatty acid?

fatty fish like salmon

the head of a fat molecule in a molecular structure consists of

methyl (CH3), Omega, Alpha Carbon

where is the omega 3 fatty acid in a molecular structure?

it’s the 1st double bond at the 3rd carbon from the methyl end (head)

what is the amino acid that in found in high concentrations (elevation) in blood and causes CVD?

homocysteine

to reduce homocysteine,

water & folic acid helps