[6115] Carbohydrate Metabolism

hexokinase

converts glucose to G6P

phosphoglucoisomerase

converts G6P to F6P

phosphofructokinase

converts F6P to FBP

aldolase

splits FBP to G3P and DHAP

triose phosphate isomerase

inveronverts G3P and DHAP

G3P dehydrogenase

converts G3P to 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate

phosphoglycerate kinase

converts 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate to 3-phosphoglycerate

phosphoglycerate mutase

converts 3-phosphoglycerate to 2-phosphoglycerate

enolase

converts 2-phosphoglycerate to PEP

pyruvate kinase

converts PEP to pyruvate

pyruvate dehydrogenase

converts pyruate to acetyl-CoA

2

ATP yield of glycolysis

pyruvate decarboxylase

converts pyruvate to acetaldehyde

lactate dehydrogenase

converts pyruvate to lactate and vice-versa

alcohol dehydrogenase

converts acetaldehyde to ethanol

pyruvate carboxylase

converts pyruvate to oxaloacetate

PEP carboxykinase

converts oxaloacetate to PEP

fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase

converts FBP to F6P

glucose-6-phosphatase

converts G6P to glucose

glucose-6-phosphatase

this enzyme in GNG is abundant only in liver

phosphoglucomutase

converts G6P to G1P and vice-versa

glycogen phosphorylase

cleaves a1,4 bonds from glycogen

glycogen synthase

makes a1,4 bonds for glycogen

branching enzyme

makes a1,6 bons for glycogen

debranching enzyme

cleaves a1,6 bonds from glycogen

glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase

converts G6P to phosphogluconolactone

glutathione reductase

converts GSSG to GSH

glutathione peroxidase

converts GSH to GSSG

store excess sugar

goal of glycogenesis

create NADPH

goal of oxidative PPP

create R5P for nucleic acid synthesis

goal of nonoxidative PPP

step 4

splitting step in glycolysis

step 6

the only NADH-producing step in glycolysis

step 6

produces the first high-energy intermediate in glycolysis

step 1

first ATP-consuming step in glycolysis

step 3

second ATP-consuming step in glycolysis

step 3

committed step of glycolysis

step 7

first ATP-producing step in glycolysis

step 10

second ATP-producing step in glycolysis

step 9

produces the second high-energy intermediate in glycolysis

HK, PFK, PK

enzymes of the irreversible steps in glycolyis

PFK

rate-limiting enzyme of glycolysis

G6PD

rate-limiting enzyme of PPP

fed state/ insulin

trigger of glycolysis

fed state/ insulin

trigger of glycogenesis

fed state/ insulin

inhibits gluconeogenesis

fed state/ insulin

inhibits glycogenolysis

fasted/glucagon

inhibits glycolysis

fasted/glucagon

inhibits glycogenesis

fasted/glucagon

triggers gluconeogenesis

fasted/glucagon

triggers glycogenolysis

increase

blood sugar effect of gng

increase

blood sugar effect of glycogenlysis

decrease

blood sugar effect of glycolysis

decrease

blood sugar effect of glycogenesis