MMW Finals

Statistics

deals with the collection, classification, analysis, and interpretation of numerical facts or data, in such a way that valid conclusions and meaningful predictions can be drawn from them.

Descriptive and Inferential Statistics

two types of statistical methods

Data management

is the practice of collecting, keeping, and using data to maximize its use and benefit.

Population

a set of measurements corresponding to the entire collection of units about

which the information is sought

Sample

subset of the population obtained through a particular method

Gathering Data

a type of selection where each element in a population has the same chance of being selected

Stratified Random Sampling

a simple random selection from each of a given number of subpopulations

Cluster Sample

a simple random sample of clusters (“naturally” formed groups, e.g. families) from the available clusters in the population

1-in-k systematic sampling

a random selection of one of the first k elements in an ordered population, then the systematic selection of every k-th element thereafter

Levels of Measurement

describes the different ways data can be recorded or organized, usually determined by how we want to analyze the data at a later time

Nominal, Ordinal, Interval, and Ratio

4 levels of measurement

Nominal

measured differ from one another only by their names

Ordinal

there exists an ordered relationship either natural or specifically defined among the variables

Interval

the difference or distance between the values is known and is also considered

Ratio

possess the properties of the three lower levels

Data interpretation

refers to the implementation of processes through which data is reviewed for the purpose of arriving at an informed conclusion

Central tendency

is a descriptive summary of a dataset through a single value that reflects the center of the data distribution.

Mean

sum of all values in a dataset divided by the total number of the values

Median

The middle value in a dataset that is arranged in ascending order (from the smallest value to the largest value)

Mode

Defines the most frequently occurring value in a dataset.

Geometric Mean

mean or average which shows the central tendency of a set of numbers by using the product of their values

Harmonic Mean

call it the reciprocal of the arithmetic mean of the reciprocals of the observations.