Cell division
is the process by which cells reproduce; all cells come from preexisting cells
Genes
Cellular information is contained in genes; genes code for proteins
the genes are separated into...
daughter cells
chromatin
thin uncoiled strands composed of DNA and protein
chromosome
rod shaped structures of DNA and protein (histones)
chromatid
two identical parts of a chromosome
centromere
point at which each pair of chromatids attach
histones
a special protein molecule that DNA wraps around during chromosome formation
Homologous Chromosome
one of two pair members of a morphologically similar chromosomes
Diploid
a cell that contains both chromosomes of a homologous pair
Haploid
A cell that only has one chromosome of each homologous pair
2N refers to a...
diploid cell
1N refers to a...
haploid cell
Cell Cycle
the sequence of five events of cell division: includes 3 phases of interphase, mitosis, and cytokinesis
Interphase
period of cell growth and development that proceeds mitosis; 3 phases of Interphase
Interphase G1
Cell doubles in size Enzymes and organelles roughly double in number
Interphase s
DNA that makes up chromatin replicates
Interphase G2
cell undergoes rapid growth to prepare for mitosis Synthesizes necessary enzymes and structures
Mitosis
division of the cell nucleus in which the chromosomes of the parent cell divide into two identical sets; 4 phases of Mitosis
Prophase
first stage of mitosis; 3 steps
Early Prophase
Chromatin coils and forms chromosomes
Nuclear membrane and nucleolus break down and disappear
Centrioles move to opposite poles of the cell
Middle Prophase
Development of spindle fibers; polar and kinetochore fibers
Polar fibers
from centriole to centriole
Kinetochore fibers
from centromere to centrioles
Final Prophase
Asters are formed
Asters
protein fibers that radiate from each centriole
Metaphase
second stage of mitosis, during which all the chromosomes move to the cell's equator
Anaphase
stage of mitosis where the chromosomes separate; no chromosomes left, only chromatids
Telophase
final stage of mitosis; there are two identical sets of chromatids at each pole, centrioles and spindle fibers break down, chromatids elongate and unwind into chromatin, nuclear membrane forms and nucleolus appears
Cytokinesis
the division of the cytoplasm of a parent cell and its contents into two daughter cells; left with two new cells, different in plant cells
Cytokinesis in plant cells
the golgi bodies fuse at the equator to form a cell plate
cell plate
membrane across the middle of a plant cell