MICRO CH7: BACTERIAL GROWTH

___: Chemicals obtained from environment to be used for cellular processes

___: used to construct new molecules and needed in BIG amounts 

• example?

nutrients, macronutrients, CHONPS

macronutrients: needed in larger amounts and for cell ___ and ___

• example?

micronutrients: needed in smaller amounts for cell ___ and

• example?

structure, metabolism, CHONPS, structure, enzyme synthesis, calcium sodium potassium etc

2 types of nutrients?

1. _____: has carbon-carbon or carbon-hydrogen?

   • examples?

2. ____: has NO carbon-carbon or carbon-hydrogen

   • example (hint: a gas)

organic, methane, lipids carbs proteins, inorganic, carbon dioxide

• What terms are associated with carbon source?

• What terms are associated with energy source? 

autotroph and heterotroph, phototroph and chemotroph

• What do autotrophs use for carbon source?

  • example?

inorganic carbon, plants and algae

• What do heterotrophs use for carbon source?

  • examples?

organic carbon, prokaryotes and eukaryotes

• Where do phototrophs get their energy?

  • What process is used? 

sun energy, photosynthesis

• Where do chemotrophs get their energy?

preformed reduced carbon compounds from phototrophs

1. Be able to extract info for combined terms

   • Photoautotroph: uses ___ and ____

   • Photoheterotroph: uses ___ and ___ compounds 

   • Chemoautotroph: uses ___ compounds as BOTH energy and carbon sources

   • Chemoheterotroph: uses ___ compounds as BOTH energy and carbon source

sunlight, co2, sunlight, organic, inorganic, organic

2 types of transport:

1. ___: requires no ATP

   • 3 subtypes?

   • Facilitated diffusion requires what?

2. ___: requires ATP

   • why does this transport process require ATP?

passive transport, diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion, permease, active transport, moving from low to high

• How do paramecia live in a hypotonic environment?

• How do certain bacteria live in hypertonic environment?

contractile vacuole, stores salt in body to be isotonic with environment

• Which type of endocytosis intake solids? liquids?

• What environmental factors influence microbes?

phagocytosis, pinocytosis, ph, temp, o2, barometric pressure, osmotic pressure

• how temp affect microbes:

  a. denatures ___
  b. affects molecular structures like ____

  c. low temp ___ microbe growth + metabolism 

• what temp in the normal human body?

• Minimum growth temp: _____

• Maximum growth temp:____

• Optimum growth temp: ____

proteins, hydrogen bonds, slows, 37C, as temp decreases then microbe metabolism and growth slows and eventually STOPS, highest temp metabolism and growth can occur, narrow temp range for maximum growth

4 groupings of temperature ranges: 

1. psychrophiles

   • temp range?

   • examples?

2. mesophiles

   • temp range?

   • examples?

3. thermophiles

   • temp range?

   • examples?

4. hypothermophiles

   • temp range?

   • example?

0-20, archea bacteria fungi algae, 20-40, human body, 40-80, compost piles and hot springs, above 80, geogemma barossi in hotsprings

• What does gas transform into after utilization

• How are aerobes equipped to handle this?

toxic O2, has enzymes that neutralize these byproducts (ex: superoxide dismutase, catalase)

• Aerobe: grows best at ___ O2

• ___: dies if O2 too low

• ___: doesnt need O2 to grow/produce energy

• ___: dies if exposed to O2

  ex: microbes living deep underground 

• ____: can live with or without O2 but grows faster ___ O2

  ex: e.coli

20%, obligate aerobe, anaerobe, obligate anaerobe, facultative anaerobe, with

• Neutrophils prefer what pH?

• Acidophiles prefer what pH?

• Alkalinophiles prefer what pH?

• Most microbes live in what kind of environment?

• What is a halophile?

• What is Staphylococcus considered?

  • How did this correlate to its location on the body?

7, below 7, best at 10 but range 7-11, hypotonic, lives in high salt environment, halotolerant, lives in skin where salt is

• ____: relationship between species isnt required for survival

• ____: relationship between species is required for survival

  • ____: members cooperate and share nutrients

  • ____: one of the members is inhibited/destroyed by others

nonsymbiotic, symbiotic, synergism, antagonism

• 2 levels of measuring growth in microbial populations?

• How is generation time determined?

  • Are they the same for all species?

cell size and population size, how long it takes for 1 cell to divide via binary fission, varies per species

Phases of microbial growth GO:

• cells increases in cell mass

• Cells divide at maximum rate 

• Decrease in total number of viable cells in population 

• Cells divide slower than optimum growth rate

• NO bacterial growth due to accumulation of toxic waste or depleted required nutrients 

• Cells are most vulnerable to antibiotics and chemicals

Q: What makes a dead cell?

lag, log, death, lag, stationary, log, cell cant divide anymore