biology final exam: organ systems, cells, dna, mutations, transport

what is the cardiovascular system? main function?

the heart. a system of arteries, veins, capilarries→ pumping blood to the entire body

explain arteries, vein, capillaries

arteries: away from the heart; usually oxygenated

veins: TOWARD the heart; usually deoxygenated

Capillaries: SMALL, to extremeties and back

systole (contraction), diastole (relaxation)

contraction of the heart (emptying), relaxation of the heart (refilling). both togther = one complete sequence of heart pumping + filling. systole/ diastole= blood pressure

systemic circuit, pulomary circuit

systemic: heart → tissues→ heart; bring O2 to tissues + CO2 back

pulmonary: heart → lungs → heart; brings deoxygenated blood to pick up O2 then back to heart to deliver to tissues

explain plasma, rbc, wbc, plateles

plasma: liquid portion; H2O, sugar, fat, protein, salts; transporting stuff

RBC: carry O2 to cells, and CO2 back to the lungs

WBC: protect the body from infection

platstes: clotting of blood

spleen?

recycles old blood cells (RBC)

artium and ventricle on each side of heart, which one contains oxygenated blood and deoxygenated blood?

right= deoxygenated, left= oxygenated

left is bigger bc it pumps to the whole body

right pumps to the lungs

what is the digestive system? what is the main function ?

process food: a big tube that goes from the mouth to the anus→ get nutreints and elimates waste

ingestion, digestion, absorption, excretion

ingestion: the take of food, digestion: break down of food, absorbtion= absorb nutrients, excretion: get rid of waste

mechanical and chemical digestion

mechanical: chewing, physicallly breaking down the food into smaller parts

perstalisis: esophogus → stomach, churning in stomach

chemical: breaking of food into smaller nutrients (using enzymes)

A, P, T, DNAse. where are they produced? what macromolecues break down>

amylase: salvary glands, and the pancreas, carbs

pepsin: stomach, proteins

trypsin: small inestine, proteins

DNAse: lysossomes of cells, DNA

RNAse:pancreas, RNA pancreatic, lipase, pancres, lipids

what is the endocrine system?

system of glands that secrete hormones to regulate the activity of other cells and organs

what is an endorine gland?

a gland that secrets hormones into the bloodstream in response to stimuli, to a target tissue

pineal

deep center of brain

• promotes circuadian rhythm, melatonin production

hypothalamus

works with the pituitary gland keeps and maintain homeostasis

pituary gland

underneath the pineal, located in 2 lobes. works with hypothalamus to maintain homeostasis

thyroid

regulates metaboolism and absorbs iodine, shapded like a butterfly

parthyroid

controls calcium levels in the body

thymus

between lungs and behind sternum near the heart

devolpment of t cells

adrenals

one top of each kidney

helps maintain metabolism , stress response

pancreas

behind stomach, regualtes blood sugar levels

testes

within scrotum, external and below penis, reproductive maturation and sperm production

ovaries

reproductive maturation, regulate menstraution cycle