anataomy.chapter 18 endocrine - complete

dont need to memorize hormones, just the organ targets (ie pituitary affects mammary, thryoid, gonads, liver, and adrenal, muscle/bone/skin)

endocrine vs nervous system

endrocrine is slow, long lasting

• can affect wider variety of distant targets

nervous is fast but short

what do u call the combination of endocrine and nervous when 2 systems coordinate responses

neuroendocrine

brain’s major organs of endocrine system

pineal gland, hypotehlemus, pituitary

throaghts/chest major organs of endocrine system

thyroid gland, thymus

abdomens major organs of endocrine system

adrenal gland, pancreas, parathyroid glands

gonads major organs of endocrine system

ovaries and testes

what are the most important hormone secreters

hypothalamus and pituitary

describe hypothalamus shape, location, and job

flat funnel shape, above/behind optic chiasm, releases hromones to regulate anterior pituitary gland

pituitary has ____ parts

2 (anterior and posterior)

andenohypophysis

the anterior pituitary lobe

what are the hormone secreting cells in adenohypophysis (anterior lobe)

acidophils and basophils

what is the hypophysial portal system

2 capillary beds (1 in hypothalamus, one in anteiro pituitary, and the poral venules that connect)

what is the posterior lobe of pituitary called, and its stalk

neurohyophophysis

stalk: infundibulum (white thing on right makde of nervous tittsssue)

what gland is this

anterior pituitary

what does the posterior neurohyphohysis lobe consist of and what does it secrete

nervous (NOT glandular) tissue

secrets only 2 hormones

what gland is this

posterior pituitary

what organs does antieror pituitary gland target (w hormones)

where is pineal gland located

roof of 3rd ventricle

part of epithalamus of diencephalum

pineal gland secretion peaks from what ages and how much does it shrink/when (involution)

1 to 5

shrinks 75% at puberty

melatonin is in which gland

pineal

thymus description and location and when does it involute

bilobed in mediastinum (superior to heart)

MEGA large in fetus/infant

age 14 involutes (shrink)

thymus hormones stimulate what cells development

T cells (immune)

what gland is joined by isthmus (2 lobes)

thyroid

where is thyroid

adjacent to trachea in neck

thyoid gland contains ____ follicals

thryoid follicles

what do the throid follicles contian and what are they surrounded by

colloid (stores thryoglobulin) surrounded by follicular cells

what are the cells around the throid follicles

parafollicular cells

what do the throid gland hormones do

metabollic rate

how many glands in parathyroid/name

4 small ovoid

where is parathyroid

posterior of thyroid on neck

what produces hormones in parathyroid gland and its association/job

hromones from chief cells

bone loss/increased calcium level in blood

(if u dont eat enough, it will take calcium from bone to blood)

what is this + label

parathyroid and thyroid

adrenal glands are aka

suprarenal glands

adrenal/suprarenal gland location

superior of kdineys

what does adrenal gland contain

cortex and medulla

(endorcine/cortex and neuroendocrine/medulla functions)

adrenal cortex is how much of adrenal gland

80-90% outer side

adrenal cortex seperation name and what it produces

25+ seteroids

3 zones of tissue (depends on hormones)

zone glomerulosa, zona fasiculata, vs zona reticularis

g: supericial - mineralcorticoids (salt)

f: intermediate, thickest, glucororticoids (sugar)

r: deep, androgens/sex steroid

adrenal medulla (not cortex) is hwo much of andrenal gland?

10 to 20 % innermost

what cells does adrenal medulla (inner) contain

chromaffin

what cells of adrenal medulla secrete epinephrine (adrenalin) and norepinephrine

chromaffin cells

what do epinephrine and norepinphrine do

raises metabolic rate and energy (released into blood like hormones even tho neurotransmitters)

what has both endocrine and exocrine function

pancreas

endocrine pancrease cluster of cells name

pancreatic islets

name the 3 endocrine cluster of cells/pancreatic islets

alpha, beta, and delta cells

alpha beta vs delta cells in the pancreatic islet

gonads is

ovaries and testes

what do ovaries follicles contain and function

theca and garnulosa

• hormones regulate prgenancy and menstrual cycle

ovary cell looks like?

egg cell!

testes is a

giant sac of condensed coils

what cells do testes contain and fucntio

interstitial (leydig) endorcine cells

sex drive, sperms

put this in order of how it works

reponse, effector cell, stimulus, hromone/neurotransmitter relase, feedback, endocrineorneural cell

1. stimulus

2. endocrine or neural cell

3. hromone or neurotransmitter release

4. efector cell

5. response

6. feedback (go back to #2)

ie

1. drink coke - high blood sugar

2. b cells in pancreas detect

3. relases insulin to combat

4. insulin will bind to cells like sekletal and adipose and suck it in

5. blood gluclose drop

6. less release of incsulin from pancreas

what happens in endocrine (hromone) disorders

secretion (hypo/hypersecretiojn) or receptor defect (hormone cant bind aka hromone insensitivity)

disorder where neck swells bc large thyroid

endemic goiter

endemic goiter cause and cure

hyposecretion of throid hormone (too LITTLE)

unable to release throid hormone results in hypertrophy (grow) of thyroid gland

iodine (thats why its in salt!)

insulin related disordeer

diabtes mellitus

type 1 diabtes mellitus

• how prevelent, cause, “cure”

type 1 - (rarer 10%)

autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells

must take exogenous insulin (injection or pump)

type 2 diabtes mellitus

• how prevelent, cause, “cure”

90% of diabtes

insulin recpetor deficiency

diet/excercize/oral medication (sometimes insulin)

endocrine glands secrete..

hromones

what do hormones do

they are chemical messengers in bloodstream

stimulate responses in distant targets

can other organs w/sepcialized cell secrete hormones

yes

what are endocrine glands compared to exocrine

endocrine and ductless and secrete internally into bloodstream