AP Euro Ch 6-7 Review

Scientific Revolution

Scientific Revolution

transition from medieval worldview to a largely secular, rational, and materialistic perspective; began in 17th century and popularized in 18th; ideas and discoveries served as bridge to the Enlightenment

Geocentric Conception

Ptolemaic; belief that that earth was at the center of the universe and the sun and other celestial bodies revolved around it; widely taught by the Church and disproved first by Copernicus

Heliocentric Conception

Copernican; the belief that the sun is at the center of the universe; rejected and suppressed by Church

World-Machine

created by Isaac Newton; universe was one huge, regulated, and uniform machine that operated according to natural laws in absolute time, space, and motion

Scientific Method

created by Francis Bacon; method of seeking knowledge through inductive principles, using experiments and observations to develop generalizations

Cartesian Dualism

created by Rene Descartes; principle of separation of mind and matter; enabled scientists to view matter as something separate from themselves that could be investigated by reason

Rationalism

created by Rene Descartes; system of thought based on the belief that human reason and experience are the chief sources of knowledge; deductive reasoning; "I think, therefore I am"

deductive reasoning

reasoning in which a conclusion is reached by stating a general principle and then applying that principle to a specific case; general to specific

inductive reasoning

reasoning in which generalizations are based on a large number of specific observations; specific to general

Enlightenment

18th century intellectual movement led by philosophes that emphasized the application of reason and the scientific method to all aspects of life; emphasized liberalism

Cultural Relativism

the belief that no culture is superior to another because culture is a matter of custom, not reason, and derives its meaning from the group holding it

"Tabula Rasa"

created by John Locke; "blank slate"; philosophy that people are molded by the environment and experiences they have gone through, not by hereditary knowledge

Philosophes

intellectuals of the eighteenth-century Enlightenment; believed in applying a spirit of rational criticism to all things including religion and politics; focused on improving and enjoying this world rather than on the afterlife

Separation of Powers

emphasized by Montesquieu; doctrine that separate executive, legislative, and judicial powers serve to limit and control each other

Deism

created by Voltaire; belief in God as creator of the universe, who after setting it into motion, ceased to have any direct involvement in it and allowed it to run according to its own natural laws

"Laissez-faire"

created by Adam Smith; "let them do as they please"; economy is best served when the government does not interfere but allows the economy to self-regulate according to the forces of supply and demand

Romanticism

19th century intellectual and artistic movement; rejected emphasis on reason in Enlightenment; stressed importance of intuition, feeling, emotion, and imagination as sources of knowing

Rococo

18th century artistic movement that emphasized grace, gentility, lightness, and charm

Neoclassicism

late 18th century art movement; emerged in France; sought to recapture dignity and simplicity of the Classical style of ancient Greece and Rome

High Culture

literary and artistic culture of the educated and wealthy ruling classes

Popular Culture

unofficial written and unwritten culture of the masses; passed down orally; centered on public and group activities such as festivals

Pogroms

organized massacres of Jews

"On Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres"

1543; Copernicus; observations and heliocentric conception of the universe; creates doubt about Ptolemaic system

"The Starry Messenger"

1610; Galileo's observations from his telescope; celestial bodies were composed of material substances and weren't perfect (moon craters, sun spots, moons around Jupiter)

"Dialogue on the Two Chief World Systems: Ptolemaic and Copernican"

1632; Galileo; dialogue between an Aristotle and Ptolemy supporter and a Copernicus supporter; defense of Copernicus' beliefs; written in Italian, which made it more available to the public

Telescope

invented by Galileo; allowed for observation of the universe

"Principia"

1687; Newton; synthesized Copernicus', Kepler's, and Galileo's ideas through his three laws of motion; caused world to be viewed in mechanistic terms and proved world secrets of world could be discovered through math; still believed God was the force behind the "world machine"

"Discourse on Method"

1637; Descartes; the only thing that is truly known is one's own existence, therefore truth is determined by logic and reason alone; separation of mind and matter allowed scientists to investigate the world as separate from themselves; changed views of he universe and how Europeans viewed themselves

"Encyclopedia"

Diderot; contributors were philosophes who expressed their major concerns; attacked religious superstitions and advanced a program for social, legal, and political improvements; lowered price helped spread Enlightenment ideas

"Wealth of Nations"

1776; Adam Smith; promotion of free trade ("laissez-faire"); promoted free trade; govt had only three functions: protect society from invasion, defend individuals from injustice and oppression, keep up with public works; basis for U.S. economy and government

"The Social Contract"

1762; Rousseau; attempt to harmonize individual liberty with government authority; agreement of an entire society to be governed by its general will (what was best for the whole)

"Messiah"

Handel

Nicolaus Copernicus

Polish astronomer who first proposed a heliocentric model of the universe

Tycho Brahe

influenced by Copernicus; built personal lab to study stars; mentor of Kepler who used his findings to make further discoveries

Johannes Kepler

German astronomer who first stated laws of planetary motion; proved that planetary orbits were elliptical and not uniform

Galileo Galilei

Italian astronomer and mathematician; invented and used telescope to prove heliocentric theory and examine celestial bodies; also researched motion and discovered inertia

Isaac Newton

English mathematician and scientist; invented calculus and wrote "Principia"; came up with three laws of planetary motion; synthesized Copernicus, Kepler, and Galileo; caused world to be seen in mechanistic terms

Andreas Vesalius

Flemish surgeon who studies anatomy of the human body; wrote "On the Fabric of the Human Body", which was based on the dissection of a human body; examined individual organs and general structure

Rene Descartes

father of modern rationalism; "I think therefore i am"; believed mind and matter were separate; wrote "Discourse on Method"

Francis Bacon

developed the scientific method; believed in inductive reasoning to find truth (particular to general); influenced belief that the purpose of science was to dominate nature

Immanuel Kant

defined Enlightenment as "man's leaving his self-caused immaturity" and proclaimed the motto "Dare to know! Have the courage to use your own intelligence!"

John Locke

opposed Divine-Right ideas by denying that humans were born with innate ideas, and instead were shaped by their experiences and environment ("tabula rasa"); believed that people had inalienable rights to life, liberty, and property, and people could revolt if those rights were taken

Montesquieu

advocated heavily for the separation of powers in "The Spirit of the Laws" and used England as example; attacked traditional religion and slavery; advocated for religious toleration

Voltaire

greatest figure of Enlightenment; creator of deism, where God is creator but doesn't interact with creation at all; against absolutism and advocated for freedom of speech and religious toleration

Diderot

published the "Encyclopedia", which was a book of collective works from philosophes; wanted to "change the general way of thinking"

Adam Smith

wrote "Wealth of Nations"; "laissez-faire" economics; promoted free trade and beleived the government has only three functions: protect society from invasion, defend individuals from injustice and oppression, keep up with public works;

Rousseau

attempted to harmonize individual liberty with government authority by prioritizing the good for all; wrote "Social Contract"

Mary Wollstonecraft

founder of modern feminism; wrote "Vindication of the Rights of Women" which stated that the subjection of women by men is wrong

Bach and Handel

greatest Baroque composers; musical center was in Germany and Italy

Mozart and Hayden

greatest Classical composers; musical center shifted to Austrian Empire

John Wesley

founded Methodism;