Chemistry Exam 3

shielding effect

the reduction of the attractive force between a nucleus and its outer electrons due to the blocking effect of inner electrons

effective nuclear charge

the total amount of attraction that an electron feels for the nucleus

effective nuclear charge trend

increases up and to the right

Atomic Radius

size of an atom

atomic radius trend

increases down and to the left

Cation Size

Become smaller than their atom

anion size

Become larger than their atom

ionization energy

the energy required to remove an electron from an atom

ionization energy trend

increases up and to the right

electron affinity

the energy change associated with the addition of an electron

electron affinity trend

Becomes more negative across a period.

properties of metals

Shiny luster, high malleability, ductility, electrical and thermal conductivity, high melting point

properties of nonmetals

dull, brittle, poor conductors of electricity and heat, low melting point

metal oxide + water produce

metal hydroxides (a base)

nonmetal oxide + water produce

an acid

metal + nonmetal produce

ionic compound

Metals

Shiny, most are silvery

Malleable and ductile

Good conductors

Form cations, low ionization energies

Metal oxides form hydroxides

Higher melting point

Non metals

Dull

Brittle, some are soft

Poor conductors

Form anions.

Nonmetal oxides form acids

Lower melting point

Alkali metals

Soft

Low density

Low melting points

One valence electron

Very reactive

1+ ion

Alkaline earth metals

Harder and denser than alkaline metals

Very reactive, but not as reactive

2+ ion

Halogens

Diatomic molecules

Form 1- ions

Reacts with metal

Noble gases

Exist as monotonic

Very unreactive

Electromagnetic Spectrum

All of the frequencies or wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation

wavelength

Horizontal distance between the crests or between the troughs of two adjacent waves

frequency

the number of complete wavelengths that pass a point in a given time

quantum

the minimum amount of energy that can be gained or lost by an atom

Planck

Energy comes in packets called quanta

photoelectric effect

The emission of electrons from a metal when light shines on the metal

photons

A quantum, or discrete quantity, of light energy that behaves as if it were a particle.

continuous spectrum

the emission of a continuous range of frequencies of electromagnetic radiation

line spectrum

a spectrum that contains radiation at only certain specific wavelengths

principal quantum number

symbolized by n, indicates the main energy level occupied by the electron

Bohr

planetary model of the atom

ground state

the lowest possible energy of an atom

excited state

A state in which an atom has a higher potential energy than it has in its ground state

einstein

credited for the photoelectric effect

de broglie

Scientist who suggested that all moving particles had a wave motion associated with them

matter waves

wave characteristics of material particles

momentum

mass x velocity

uncertainty principle

it is impossible to know variables precisely in the quantum world (mass and velocity)

heisenberg

uncertainty principle

wavelength formula

speed of light = wavelength x frequency

photon of energy formula

energy = Planck's constant x frequency

De Broglie's formula

wavelength = planck's constant divided by mass x velocity

Heisenberg's formula

position x momentum equals planck's constant divided by 4 x Pi

Dual Nature of light

Light can behave as a wave if as a particle

Electromagnetic Radiation

carries energy through space in waves. There are many types. They all move at different speeds