Recording-2025-03-18 Lipids Pt. 2

What are triglycerides composed of?

A glycerol backbone and three fatty acids.

What is the role of phospholipids in cell membranes?

They are critical for cell membrane formation.

What is lecithin?

The most common phospholipid used in the production of bile and as an emulsifier in food.

What is the difference between LDL and HDL?

LDL is known as 'bad cholesterol' that can deposit in arteries, while HDL is 'good cholesterol' that helps remove cholesterol from arteries.

How does cholecystokinin (CCK) assist in fat digestion?

CCK stimulates the release of bile from the gallbladder and lipases from the pancreas.

What are the end products of fat digestion in the small intestine?

Monoglycerides, free glycerol, and free fatty acids.

What is a chylomicron?

A fat transporter that carries triglycerides, phospholipids, cholesterol, and protein.

What happens to long chain fatty acids after absorption?

They reform into triglycerides and are packaged into chylomicrons.

What is the primary role of lipoprotein lipase (LPL)?

To pull triglycerides out of chylomicrons and deliver them to cells for energy or storage.

What are the main components of lipoproteins?

Protein, triglycerides, phospholipids, and cholesterol.

What is the significance of VLDL and how does it relate to LDL?

VLDL transports triglycerides created in the liver and can convert to LDL as it loses triglycerides.

What dietary factors can raise LDL cholesterol levels?

High saturated fat intake and trans fat consumption.

What are recommended dietary fat intake percentages?

20 to 35% of total calories, limited saturated and trans fats.

How do HDL levels affect heart health?

Higher HDL levels are associated with reduced risk of cardiovascular disease.

What role do omega-3 fatty acids play in health?

They have anti-inflammatory properties and are important for heart health.

What is the relationship between sugar intake and cholesterol production?

High sugar intake can lead to increased VLDL production, which can raise LDL levels.

What is the Mediterranean diet's impact on heart health?

It encourages monounsaturated fats and omega-3s, contributing to better heart health.

How does the body transport long chain fatty acids after digestion?

Through chylomicrons, which enter the lymphatic system before the bloodstream.

What happens when there is excess cholesterol in the blood?

It can lead to plaque buildup in arteries, increasing the risk of cardiovascular disease.

What are some food sources of cholesterol?

Animal products like eggs, meat, and dairy.

What is the recommended intake for omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids?

About 1 gram of omega-3 and 12 to 17 grams of omega-6 per day.

How can high LDL cholesterol affect arteries?

It can lead to atherosclerosis, which can eventually cause heart attacks or strokes.