BACTE: PSEUDOMONAS

Gram Negative

Classification of Pseudomonas

Medium-sized rods

Size of Pseudomonas

One or several polar flagella

How are Pseudomonas motile?

Aquatic Habitats/Soil

Pseudomonas is rarely involved with the primary disease and are commonly found in?

Grapelike/Ammoniacal odors

Odor produces by Pseudomonas

Tend to replace normal flora

Because of their resistance to antibiotics, Pseudomonas tends to?

Low virulence

frequently the cause of opportunistic suppurative infections in domestic animals

Saprophytes

Most of the species in this genus are

P. aeruginosa

ubiquitous in the environment and is found in water, soil and on plants, as well as on skin and mucous membrane of healthy animals.

Water, Soil, Plants, Skin, Mucous Membrane

Where are Pseudomonas aeruginosa found?

P. pseudomallei

mainly is present in the tropics

P. pseudomallei

It is considered to be a soil organism.

Wild rodents

act as an important reservoir of P. mallei

P. mallei

An obligate parasite

MacConkey Agar

What kind of agar does P. aeruginosa grows on?

Mastitis, Metritis, Pneumonia

Infections caused by pseudomonas in Cattles.

Mastitis, Fleece-rot, Pneumonia

Infections caused by pseudomonas in Sheep

Respiratory Infections

Infections caused by pseudomonas in PIGS

Otitis externa, Cystitis, Pneumonia

Infections caused by pseudomonas in Dogs and Cats

Haemorrhagic pneumonia

Infections caused by pseudomonas in Minks

Equidae

Reservoir of B. mallei

B. pseudomallei

Found in soil, an opportunistic pathogen

Burkholderia species

Aerobic bacteria that grows in MacConkey Agar

B. mallei

Grows on media with 1% glycerol

B.mallei

Biochemically unreactive and non-motile

B. pseudomallei

Biochemically active and motile

Glanders

Infection caused by Burkholderia mallei

Meliodiosis

Infection cause by Burkholderia pseudomallei

Meliodiosis

Opportunistic infection in many species, including humans

P. aeruginosa, B. mallei, P. pseudomallei

Important Species and Morphology

Green wool

Common name for P. aeruginosa

Glanders disease

Common name for B. mallei/P. mallei

Pseudoglanders

Common name for P. pseudomallei

Lopotrichous, Monotrichous

Some strains are (flagella-wise)

Petritrichous

P. pseudomallei is? (flagella-wise)

Blood agar, MacConkey Agar

Agars that Pseudomonas and Burkholderia can be isolated on

P. mallei

Species of Pseudomonas which cannot grow in MacConkey agar

4-41C

Temperature where they can grow

Bright green pigment

Appearance of Pseudomonas in Isolation

Pyoverdine

Produces bright yellowish-green fluorescein pigment

Pyocyanin

bluish green pigment

P. aeruginosa

Produces bright yellowish-green fluorescein pigment (pyoverdine) and bluish green pigment (pyocyanin)

Toxin A

an inhibitor of protein synthesis, contributes to lesion development in burn infections, causes tissue necrosis

Proteases

enable penetration of injured tissues

Elastase

destroys elastin in lung parenchyma, important in the production of pneumonia

P. aeruginosa

has very simple nutritional requirements; often observed "growing in distilled water", which is evidence of its minimal nutritional needs

P. aeruginosa

readily recognized by its brilliant green pigment and the characteristic grape-like odor (aminoacetophenone) it produces

Aminoacetophenone

Responsible for the grape-like odor in Pseudomonas

37C, 42C

Optimum growth temperature but is also able to grow at temperature as high as

P. aeruginosa

tolerant to a wide variety of physical conditions; resistant to high concentrations of salts and dyes, weak antiseptics, and many commonly used antibiotics

3 colony types

P. aeruginosa isolates may produce

Natural Isolates

Small rough colonies

Clinical samples

Smooth colony types

fried-egg appearance

large, smooth, with flat edges and an elevated appearance

mucoid appearance

attributed to the production of alginate slime.

pyoverdin/fluoresecein

Fluorescent yellowish green pigment

Pyocyanin

bluish green pigment

Pyocyanin

produced abundantly in media of low-iron content and functions in iron metabolism in the bacterium.

Pyocyaneus

Blue pus

Toxin A and proteases

appear to be important in the production of edema, induration, hemorrhages and necrosisin skin lesions.

Extra cellular slime

produced by it is anti-phagocytic and facilitates penetration of tissues.

P. aeruginosa

Primary cause ofsuppurative infections in domestic animals

P. aeruginosa

Common in the intestinal contents of chickens which causes early spoilage of meat.

P. aeruginosa

Causes green wool in sheep – wetting of the fleece

P. mallei/B. mallei

Cause of Glanders in horse

P. mallei/B. mallei

Can be transmitted by eating infected horse meat

Pulmonary, Nasal, Cutaneous

3 Forms of Glanders

Pulmonary Form

rise in temperature, coughing with blood stained mucosa.

Nasal Form

initially there is reddening of the nasal mucosa and mucoid discharge from nostrils

Nasal form

It will become purulent, blood stained and adherent as brown crust.

Nasal Form

Ulcers may form on the nasal mucosa

Farcy

Another term for the Cutaneous Form of Glanders

Cutaenous Form/Farcy

Development ofsmall cutaneous or subcutaneous nodules in the limbs and flanks. These nodules develop into hollow ulcers exuding yellow or oily pus(honeylike exudates).

Cutaneous Form/Farcy

The local lymphatic vessels become corded and tubercle-like nodules are seen in lungs and other visceral organs.

Endemic Areas, Rainy seasons

Distribution of P.mallei

Acute

Disease in mules

Chronic

Disease in Horses

P. pseudomallei/B.pseudomallei

Caseous nodules found in lymph node, liver, spleen, joints, lungs

Pseudoglanders, Bacillus of Whitmore, Meliodiosis

Other names of P. pseudomallei (3)

Mallein test

This is used to demonstrate the hypersensitivity developed after infection with P.mallei.

Mallein

glycoprotein extracted from the bacterium.

Subcutaneous, Opthalmic, Intrapalpebral

Types of Mallein Tests

Subcutaneous test

swelling at the injection site and fever.

Opthalmic Test

Instilled on conjuctival sac.

Opthalmic Test

Inflammatory and purulent reaction occurs within 6-12 hrs

Intrapalpebral

Inoculate at skin of the lower eyelid. Localized, odematous swelling and purulent conjunctivitis

Straus reaction

Swelling of testes, Inflammation of tunica vaginalis and ulceration of the scrotal skin

Surgical debridement and drainage

Treatment of P. pseudomallei