General Science Review

Vocabulary flashcards covering key terms from anatomy, biology, chemistry, scientific reasoning, math, and data interpretation.

Cell

The smallest structural and functional unit of life.

Mitochondria

Organelle responsible for producing ATP through cellular respiration.

Circulatory System

Organ system that transports nutrients, gases, and wastes throughout the body.

Alveoli

Tiny air sacs in the lungs where oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged.

Cerebellum

Region of the brain that controls balance and coordination.

Smooth Muscle

Involuntary muscle type found in the walls of the digestive tract and other organs.

Arteries

Blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart.

Glomerulus

Capillary network in the nephron that filters blood in the kidneys.

Myelin Sheath

Fatty layer that insulates axons and speeds nerve impulse transmission.

Aerobic Cellular Respiration

Process of converting glucose into ATP in the presence of oxygen.

Transcription

Cellular process that produces messenger RNA (mRNA) from a DNA template.

Ribosome

Cellular structure where protein synthesis occurs.

Osmosis

Diffusion of water through a semipermeable membrane.

Golgi Apparatus

Organelle that packages and ships proteins and lipids.

Enzyme

Biological catalyst made of protein that speeds up chemical reactions.

tRNA (Transfer RNA)

RNA molecule that carries amino acids to the ribosome during translation.

Atomic Number

Number of protons in the nucleus of an atom.

Acidic pH

pH value less than 7.

Density Formula

Density = Mass ÷ Volume.

Covalent Bond

Chemical bond involving the sharing of electron pairs between atoms.

Electron

Subatomic particle with a negative charge.

Molar Mass of Water

18 grams per mole (H₂O).

Independent Variable

Factor in an experiment that the researcher changes or manipulates.

Dependent Variable

Factor in an experiment that is measured or observed.

Control Group

Group in an experiment that does not receive the experimental treatment.

Repetition (Replication)

Repeating experiments to ensure reliability of results.

Hypothesis

Educated guess or prediction that can be tested.

Pythagorean Theorem

c = √(a² + b²); formula to find the hypotenuse of a right triangle.

Circumference from Area

C = 2πr, where r = √(A/π); converts circle area to circumference.

Milliliters to Liters

Convert by dividing the volume in milliliters by 1,000.

Feet to Yards

Convert by dividing the length in feet by 3.

Pounds to Kilograms

Convert by multiplying the weight in pounds by 0.454.

Tablespoons to Milliliters

Convert by multiplying the volume in tablespoons by 14.79.

Positive Correlation

Relationship where both variables increase together in a scatter plot.

Negative Correlation

Relationship where one variable increases as the other decreases in a scatter plot.

Normal Distribution

Bell-shaped, symmetrical frequency curve.

Bimodal Distribution

Data distribution graph with two distinct peaks.

Reading a Bar Graph

Compare bar heights to evaluate differences among categories.

Reading a Line Graph

Observe trends over time along the x-axis.

Reading a Pie Chart

Compare slice sizes to determine proportional contributions.