Anatomy A Final Review

Anterior

front of the body

superior

toward the head

inferior

Lower on the body, farther from the head

proximal

Closer to the point of attachment

distal

away from the point of attachment

medial

Toward the midline of the body

superficial

near the surface

deep

Away from the body surface; more internal

sagittal plane

divides the body into left and right portions

transverse plane

horizontal division of the body into upper and lower portions

frontal/coronal plane

divides the body into anterior and posterior portions

posterior

toward the back

axillary

armpit region

femoral

thigh region

gluteal

buttock region

cervical

neck region

umbilical

belly button region

buccal

cheek area

arrect

root word meaning upright

derm

root word meaning skin

epi

root word meaning upon

fract

root word meaning break

melan

root word meaning black

myo

root word meaning muscle

ology

root word meaning study of

strat

root word meaning layer

integumentary system

body system that protects underlying organs and synthesizes vitamin D

cardiovascular system

Body system that transports oxygen and nutrients to the body; composed of the heart, blood vessels, and blood.

skeletal system

Body system that provides support and levers on which the muscular system can act

endocrine system

Body system that uses hormones to regulate processes such as growth, reproduction, and nutrient use (metabolism) by body cells.

epidermis

outermost layer of skin

dermis

Inner layer of skin

thick skin

Covers the palms of the hands and soles of the feet, has 5 layers in the epidermis

thin skin

Covers most of the body, has 4 layers in the epidermis

stratum lucidum

epidermal layer found only in thick skin

sebaceous glands

technical term for oil glands

arrector pili muscle

Causes hair to stand on end and goose bumps to appear

appocrine glands

type of sweat glands located under the arms, in the genitals and the nipples.

eccrine glands

type of sweat glands; found over most of the body

first degree burn

A mild burn characterized by heat, pain, and reddening of the burned surface but not exhibiting blistering or charring of tissues.

second degree burn

A burn marked by pain, blistering, and superficial destruction of dermis

third degree burn

Severe burn characterized by destruction of the skin through the depth of the dermis and possibly into underlying tissues, loss of fluid, and sometimes shock.

saddle joint

type of joint found at the base of each thumb; allows grasping and rotation

ball and socket joint

hip and shoulder joints

hinge joint

elbow and knee joints

long bone

femur and phalanges (shape)

flat bone

sternum and ribs (shape)

irregular bone

vertebrae (shape)

short bone

carpals and tarsals (shape)

epiphysial plate

the growth area of a long bone

epiphyseal line

remnant of the epiphyseal plate, seen in adult bones

spongy bone

contains red bone marrow

spiral fracture

break common in sports

greenstick fracture

incomplete break, common in children

foramen

hole in a bone

process

prominent projection on a bone (something that sticks out)

fossa

shallow depression

flexion

Decreases the angle of a joint

extension

increases the angle of a joint

pronation

turning the palm downward

supination

turning the palm upward

abduction

Movement away from the midline of the body

adduction

Movement toward the midline of the body

plantar flexion

bends the foot downward at the ankle

Dorsoflexion

bends the foot upward at the ankle

occipital bone

bone containing the foramen magnum

coronal suture

connects frontal and parietal bones

squamous suture

Between parietal and temporal bones

saggital suture

separates the left and right parietal bone

cervical vertebrae

neck bones

thoracic vertebrae

vertebrae attached to ribs

lumbar vertebrae

lower back vertebrae

sacrum

Fused vertebrae in the back of the pelvis

coccyx

tailbone

7

number of cervical vertebrae

12

number of thoracic vertebrae

5

number of lumbar vertebrae

costal cartilage

Attaches ribs to sternum

manubrium

upper portion of the sternum

body

middle of sternum

xiphoid process

inferior portion of the sternum

axis

C2 bone; allows one to pivot neck

atlas

C1 bone; allows one to nod

occipital condyles

part of the skull that articulates with the atlas

male pelvic girdle

tall and narrow, pubic arch 50-60 degrees

female pelvic girdle

wide and shallow, pubic arch of 80-90 degrees

radius

lateral bone of the forearm

ulna

medial bone of the forearm

lateral malleolus

bump on distal end of fibula

medial malleolus

bump on distal end of tibia

pectoral girdle

clavicle and scapula

pelvic girdle

ilium, ischium, pubis

sarcomere

contractile unit of a muscle fiber

muscle tone

state of partial contraction

isotonic contraction

muscles contract and shorten

isometric contraction

muscle tenses but does not shorten

muscle fatigue

inability of a muscle to contract

muscle fiber

technical term for a muscle cell

prime mover

muscle with the major responsibility for a certain movement

antagonist

muscle that opposes or reverses a prime mover