BIO TEST

Intro to animals, protostomes, deuterostomes

What is a true coelom?

fluid filled cavity that lines the mesoderm and provides protection for internal organs

5 Key innovations to body plan

symmetry

tissues

body cavity

embryonic development patterns

segmentation

Bilateral symmetry

A body plan where the left and right sides are mirror images, exemplified by humans.

Protostomes

Animals in which the blastopore develops into the mouth.

Deuterostomes

Animals in which the blastopore develops into the anus.

Diploblastic

Organisms with two germ layers: ectoderm and endoderm.

Triploblastic

Organisms with three germ layers: ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm.

Acoelomate

Animals that do not have a body cavity.

Coelomate

Animals that have a body cavity within the mesoderm.

Cephalization

Formation of head/brain area

Eumetazoa

Animals with specialized tissues, excluding sponges.

Gastrulation

The process during early embryonic development that forms the gastrula.

Nematocytes

Stinging cells found in Cnidaria used for capturing prey.

Trochophore

A free-swimming larval stage characteristic of certain protostomes.

Amniotic Egg layers and functions;

Which animals do this?

chorion (outer layer/allows for gas exchange)

amnion (houses embryo)

yolk sac (food)

allantois (waste)

Reptiles

Key characteristics of protostomes

determinate cleavage

spiral cleavage patterns

ventral nervous system

Name the 3 groups of mammals, provide an example of each, and explain their fertilization methods

Monotremes: have no nipples and lay eggs (platypus)

Marsupials: have a pouch (Kangaroo, opossums)

Placental mammals: develop inside the womb (humans, cows)

What are Primates? Name the two types

group of mammals characterized by flexible limbs, forward-facing eyes, and large brains

Two main types are prosimians (lemurs) and anthropoids (monkeys and apes)

New world monkeys vs old world monkeys, and hominids

New world monkeys = South America

old world monkeys = Africa

Hominids = humans and great apes, distinguished by their larger brains and bipedalism

Denisovans, Neanderthals, homo sapiens, vs modern humans

extinct relatives of modern humans (Homo sapiens) who shared a common ancestor with them.

______ characterized by advanced tools, art, and complex social structures.

Name the non-vertebrates and what phylum they are considered

Urochordata are the heart-looking thing

Cephalochordates have no distinguishable head

Fall under phylum Chordata

Echinoderms characteristics

exoskeleton (calcium carbonate)

asexual reproduction (regeneration)

radial symmetry

exclusively marine

no distinguishable head

Chordate characteristcs

notochord

dorsal nerve cord

pharyngeal slits (facial/gills)

post-anal tail

Cnidarian characteristics

radial symmetry

stinging cells (nematocytes)

aquatic habitat

polyp or medusa formation

What are bivalves?

class of mollusks characterized by their two-part hinged shell, a soft body, and a lack of a head

Ex: clams, oysters, muscles, scallops, mollusks

What’s a Radula and who uses these?

tongue-like structure covered with tiny teeth, used by mollusks for feeding

Name the two classes of protostomes

Ecdysozoa (arthropods/animals that molt)

Lophotrochozoa (mollusks, annelids-trochophores & lophophores)

Order of evolution for vertebrates

jawless fish (hagfish and lamprey)

cartilaginous fish (sharks, rays)

bony fish (ray and lobed finned

amphibians (frogs)

reptiles (including birds)

mammals

Name the 3 protostome phyla

Mollusca

Annelida

Arthropoda

Mollusca main groups

polyplacophora (chitons)

gastropods (snails)

bivalves (oysters)

cephalopods (octopus)

Key traits of mollusca

mantle

foot

radula

shell

organization of internal organs

circulatory system

waste removal

reproduction

Main groups of Annelids

Erratia: marine worm group that possesses parapodia

Sedentaria: Aquatic or terrestrial, no parapodia, can be sessile, clitellum (earthworms, leeches)

Key traits in Annelids

segmentation (divided by septae)

head with cerebral ganglia (mini brain)

circulatory system

excretion

locomotion mode

Most diverse of all animal groups

Name the main groups

Arthropods

Chelicerata (spiders, scorpions)

Crustacea (shrimp, crab)

Hexapods (insects)

Myriapoda (centipedes, millipedes)

Key traits of Arthropods

segmentation/jointed appendages

exoskeleton (chitin+protein)

circulatory (open system with hemolymph

nervous (can function w/o brain)

respiratory (gills or book lungs)

excretory

reproductive (internal fertilization)

visual systems (compound or simple)

Hexapoda Insect Breakdown

Head

Thorax (3 segments each with legs and maybe wings)

abdomen (internal organs)

metamorphosis (simple-grasshoppers or complex-butterflies)

What is the Neural Crest?

gives rise to unique vertebrate features (teeth, jaws, etc)

Key Traits of Fishes

Gills

lateral line (detects vibrations/ water disturbances)

2 chambered heart

external fertilization

fin types (paired pectoral, dorsal, caudal)

Key Innovations for Amphibians

legs

lungs

egg fertilization in water

chambered heart

moist skin for respiration

Name the 3 groups of Amphibians

Anura (frogs and toads)

Caudata (salamanders and newts)

Apoda (caecilians = legless)

Key Innovations for Reptiles

Amniotic egg

dry scaly skin to prevent water loss

internal fertilization

3-chambered heart

Groups of Reptiles

Chelonia (turtles and tortoises)

Squamates (lizards and snakes)

Tuataras

Crocodilians (closer to birds than other reptiles)

Defining Traits for Mammals

Hair

mammary glands

endothermy

4 chambered heart

specialized teeth

placenta

5 general features common to animals

Heterotrophic

multicellular with complex bodies

lack cell walls

diversity of form

active movement

Early embryonic development

1. Fertilization → zygote

2. mitosis → blastula (hollow ball of cells)

3. Gastrulation → formation of gastrula