Midterm 2

Anticholinergic agents

Drugs that block the action of acetylcholine at parasympathetic postganglionic effector cell receptors.

Ipratropium bromide

An anticholinergic that can be administered via aerosolization.

Common side effect of anticholinergic bronchodilators

Dry mouth.

Combivent®

A combination drug including albuterol and ipratropium bromide.

Quaternary ammonium compounds

Compounds like ipratropium bromide that do not easily cross lipid membranes.

Effects of cholinergic stimulation

Increased mucus secretion, miosis, and decreased heart rate.

Incruse Ellipta®

Approved for maintenance treatment of airflow obstruction in COPD.

Cardiac effects of ipratropium bromide

Little to no effect on the heart.

Pupil dilation

May occur if Atrovent® inhaler is activated in the eye.

Ipratropium bromide indications

Used to treat allergic rhinitis, maintenance therapy in COPD, and nonallergic rhinitis.

Ipratropium bromide

An anticholinergic that can be administered via aerosolization.

Combination of albuterol and ipratropium bromide

Can be delivered via nebulizer, metered-dose inhaler (MDI), and soft-mist inhaler.

Incruse Ellipta®

Approved for maintenance treatment of airflow obstruction in COPD.

Combivent®

A combination drug including albuterol and ipratropium bromide.

Cholinergic stimulation effects

Includes increased mucus secretion, miosis, and decreased heart rate.

Anticholinergic agents

Cause mucociliary slowing, bronchodilation, and increased heart rate.

Quaternary ammonium compounds

Such as ipratropium bromide, do not cross lipid membranes easily.

Ipratropium bromide indications

Indicated to treat allergic rhinitis, maintenance therapy in COPD, and nonallergic rhinitis.

Bronchodilation mechanism of quaternary ammonium compounds

Causes bronchodilation by blocking cholinergic sites.

Ipratropium aerosol precautions

Patients should avoid contact of the aerosol with their eyes.

Effects of Atrovent® inhaler in the eye

May cause pupil dilation.

Cardiac effects of aerosolized ipratropium bromide

Typically have little or no effect.

Antimuscarinic agents

Drugs that competitively block acetylcholine action at parasympathetic receptors.

Common side effect of anticholinergic bronchodilators

Dry mouth.

Once-a-day anticholinergic

Umeclidinium bromide.

Asthma

A chronic condition characterized by airway inflammation and narrowing, leading to difficulty breathing.

Bronchitis

Inflammation of the bronchial tubes, often leading to coughing and production of mucus.

Emphysema

A lung condition that causes shortness of breath due to damage to the air sacs in the lungs.

Adrenergic bronchodilators

Medications that mimic the actions of epinephrine and are used to relax smooth airway muscles.

Short-acting β2 agonists

Medications indicated for relief of acute reversible airway obstruction.

Long-acting adrenergic agent

A type of drug recommended for maintenance bronchodilation and control of bronchospasm in persistent asthma.

Racemic epinephrine

A medication used for its α-adrenergic vasoconstricting effect, often recommended for postextubation stridor.

Croup

A respiratory condition in children characterized by a barking cough and stridor due to subglottic swelling.

2.25% solution

The concentration of racemic epinephrine typically used in clinical settings.

Catecholamines

A class of chemicals, including epinephrine, that are inactivated by the enzyme COMT.