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gruffydd ap llywelyn

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1

gruffydd ap llywelyn

  • defeated his southern welsh rival in 1055

  • raids, including the sacking of hereford

  • English negotiated peace, gave him control of land in north and south wales

  • 1056, swore loyalty to Edward

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2

1100

  • Normans had been driven back in north and south west, settlers only reasonably secure

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3

fall of houses

  • fall of the house of Breteuil, 1075

  • montgomery, 1102

  • allowed major followers, Mortimers and Ladies take over militarily and territorially

  • these men married into important welsh families, built castles, and great wealth

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4

terror and violence, welsh

  • loot the countryside, driving animals away

  • imprison, then sold as slaves

  • place larger areas of land under harsh forest law

  • broke spirit, allowed further conquest through castles building

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5

strategic castles

  • gave maximum military and territorial advantage

  • many built on river inlets, could be suppled or relieved by sea in an emergency, Rhuddlan,

  • also springboards launch further attacks, Chepstow

  • some early castles had short life, redundant as border moves forward while others were overwhelmed by welsh attacks

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6

castle, described

  • rebuilt in stone, impressive, visibly symbol of conquest and domination

  • adaptable centres of defence or attack, surrounded by large area of land, castlery,

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7

1081

  • to far southwest

  • show of strength, emphasise authority and leadership

  • built a small royal castles at St David’s

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8

colonisation

  • Fitzosbern, established a new urban centre to the north of Hereford castle

  • a marker, and a new church,

  • encourage settlement, merchants were given considerable privileges,

  • also at Chepstow and Monmouth by fitz

  • north Wales, Hugh, new town next to Rhuddlan castle, by 1086, small community with their own church and mint,

  • alongside fortified towns, priories and churches built, Normans had religious, economic and military dominance

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9

against caradog

  • ruler of Gwynedd

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10

rhys ap tewdwr

  • king of south wales

  • Rhys after William show of power agreed to pay William a tribute of £40 a year, lasted until his death in 1093

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11

marcher lords and regions

  • hugh, north Wales, hugh the wolf

  • castles along River Conwy and raiding into Snowdonia

  • Montgomery, mid Wales

    • son, killed in clash with Magnus Barefoot

  • hereford, south Wales,

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12

d’avranches and fitzosbern deaths

  • died 1101

  • hereford, February 1071

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13

revolt of the earls

  • catalog, ruler of Gwent, make him ruler of Glamorgan

  • help from Ralph, earl of east Anglia, and Waltheof, earl of northumberland,

  • Waltheof changed his mind, told Archbishop of Canterbury and William about conspiracy

  • Roger and Ralph never combed armies as planned as they were stopped by forces led by English bishop, Wulfstan and Odo of Bayeux,

  • waltheof beheaded 1076

  • so land seized, king became overlord of south Wales

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14

Fitzosbern

  • established towns, hereford, and castles beyond the river wye, came to an agreement with local welsh rules by recognising them, in return for their acceptance of his lordship

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15

chepstow

  • fortress

  • sheer cliffs on one side and natural valley on the other, excellent defensive location

  • primarily for defence, built high above the river wye, on a rocky outcrop

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16

pulverbatch

  • built by followers, Roger Venator, one of the earl’s huntsmen

  • motte and Bailey placed to guard to route running north towards the severn valley

  • large building in the inner bailer and a small structure on top of the motte overlooking the road

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17

religious buildings

  • church of st Edith, pulverbatch, followers of montgomery

  • st Mary’s church, Rhuddlan, 1080

  • all saints church, hereford

  • chepstow priory, a benedictine monastery

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18

tretower

  • in the Usk valley by Picard, a follow of Bernard de Neufmarche, receive land from montgomery

  • rebuilt in stone, more comfortable and improved defences

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