Wales, learn

gruffydd ap llywelyn

• defeated his southern welsh rival in 1055

• raids, including the sacking of hereford

• English negotiated peace, gave him control of land in north and south wales

• 1056, swore loyalty to Edward

1100

• Normans had been driven back in north and south west, settlers only reasonably secure

fall of houses

• fall of the house of Breteuil, 1075

• montgomery, 1102

• allowed major followers, Mortimers and Ladies take over militarily and territorially

• these men married into important welsh families, built castles, and great wealth

terror and violence, welsh

• loot the countryside, driving animals away

• imprison, then sold as slaves

• place larger areas of land under harsh forest law

• broke spirit, allowed further conquest through castles building

strategic castles

• gave maximum military and territorial advantage

• many built on river inlets, could be suppled or relieved by sea in an emergency, Rhuddlan,

• also springboards launch further attacks, Chepstow

• some early castles had short life, redundant as border moves forward while others were overwhelmed by welsh attacks

castle, described

• rebuilt in stone, impressive, visibly symbol of conquest and domination

• adaptable centres of defence or attack, surrounded by large area of land, castlery,

1081

• to far southwest

• show of strength, emphasise authority and leadership

• built a small royal castles at St David’s

colonisation

• Fitzosbern, established a new urban centre to the north of Hereford castle

• a marker, and a new church,

• encourage settlement, merchants were given considerable privileges,

• also at Chepstow and Monmouth by fitz

• north Wales, Hugh, new town next to Rhuddlan castle, by 1086, small community with their own church and mint,

• alongside fortified towns, priories and churches built, Normans had religious, economic and military dominance

against caradog

• ruler of Gwynedd

rhys ap tewdwr

• king of south wales

• Rhys after William show of power agreed to pay William a tribute of £40 a year, lasted until his death in 1093

marcher lords and regions

• hugh, north Wales, hugh the wolf

• castles along River Conwy and raiding into Snowdonia

• Montgomery, mid Wales

  • son, killed in clash with Magnus Barefoot

• hereford, south Wales,

d’avranches and fitzosbern deaths

• died 1101

• hereford, February 1071

revolt of the earls

• catalog, ruler of Gwent, make him ruler of Glamorgan

• help from Ralph, earl of east Anglia, and Waltheof, earl of northumberland,

• Waltheof changed his mind, told Archbishop of Canterbury and William about conspiracy

• Roger and Ralph never combed armies as planned as they were stopped by forces led by English bishop, Wulfstan and Odo of Bayeux,

• waltheof beheaded 1076

• so land seized, king became overlord of south Wales

Fitzosbern

• established towns, hereford, and castles beyond the river wye, came to an agreement with local welsh rules by recognising them, in return for their acceptance of his lordship

chepstow

• fortress

• sheer cliffs on one side and natural valley on the other, excellent defensive location

• primarily for defence, built high above the river wye, on a rocky outcrop

pulverbatch

• built by followers, Roger Venator, one of the earl’s huntsmen

• motte and Bailey placed to guard to route running north towards the severn valley

• large building in the inner bailer and a small structure on top of the motte overlooking the road

religious buildings

• church of st Edith, pulverbatch, followers of montgomery

• st Mary’s church, Rhuddlan, 1080

• all saints church, hereford

• chepstow priory, a benedictine monastery

tretower

• in the Usk valley by Picard, a follow of Bernard de Neufmarche, receive land from montgomery

• rebuilt in stone, more comfortable and improved defences