APUSH Units 8-9 Assessment 4 Review

Iron Curtain Speech (1946)

Churchill used the speech to emphasize the necessity for the US and Britain to act as the guardians of peace and stability against the menace of Soviet Union communism, which had lowered an "iron curtain" across Europe.

Containment

US strategy during the Cold War that aimed to stop the expansion of communism through various means short of direct military conflict.

Domino Theory (50s-70s)

President Eisenhower's policy on Southeast Asia and was sort of an extension of the containment policy. The belief was that if one nation fell to communism, others will follow.

Truman Doctrine (1947)

President Truman's policy that aimed to prevent the spread of communism by committing the US to supporting nations resisting communist influence.

Marshall Plan (1948)

US aid to rebuild Western Europe, including Western Europe, it was another way to prevent the spread of communism. The US gave $12 billion to Western Europe.

Berlin Airlift (1948)

The US and Britain successfully shipped 1.7+ million tons of supplies by air to Soviet-controlled Berlin in response to a Soviet blockade.

GI Bill of Rights (1944)

Provided WWII veterans with benefits like educational support, unemployment insurance, and low-interest loans for housing and businesses, aiding their transition back to civilian life.

22nd Amendment (1951)

Limits the presidency to 2 elected terms, primarily as a response to Franklin D. Roosevelt's 4 terms.

Korean War (1950-1953)

A key event in the Cold War, it was backed by the Soviet Union and China where North Korea invaded South Korea (backed by US), resulting in a stalemate and a divided Korea.

Second Red Scare (late 40s-1954)

Period of intense fear of communism permeating US society

McCarthyism

A campaign against alleged communists in the US gov't and society carried out under Senator Joseph McCarthy

Un-American Activities Committee

An investigating committee which looked into what it considered un-American propaganda , it forced citizens to testify about their politics.

Rosenberg Case (1953)

Julius and Ethel Rosenberg were American communists and were executed for passing nuclear war secrets to the Soviets.

Lavender Scare (1947-50s)

The fear and persecution of homosexuals as "communist sympathizers" in the US and Britain, which paralleled the McCarthyism campaign. Led to Executive Order #10450 (1953) of which "sexual perversion" was justified means for being fired.

Formation of the Berlin Wall (1961)

Built by East Germany to prevent people from escaping to the West from East Berlin.

Engel v. Vitale (1962)

A landmark Supreme Court decision that struck down prayer in public schools and that it violated the First Amendment's Establishment Clause, prohibiting government endorsement of religion.

JFK Assassination (1963)

President JFK was assassinated by Lee Harvey Oswald while riding in the presidential motorcade in Dallas with his wife Jackie and VP Johnson. Oswald was killed 2 days later by Jack Ruby.

SCLC

Southern Christian Leadership Conference, churches link together to inform blacks about changes in the Civil Rights Movement, led by MLK Jr., was a success

SNCC

(Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee)-a group established in 1960 to promote and use non-violent means to protest racial discrimination; they were the ones primarily responsible for creating the sit-in movement

Rosa Parks and the Montgomery Bus Boycott

In Montgomery, Alabama, she refused to give up her bus seat to a white man as required by city ordinance. Her action, though planned, started the civil rights movement and led to a bus boycott lasting 11 months. She was chosen to be the face of this boycott because she was a respectable lady (others have done this before her).

Sit-ins

Protests in which black people would sit-in on white only places to challenge the segregation. They would train to take the ridicule of the white people around them so that they could stay for a long while. The owners of the establishments would have to choose whether to cause a scene or just let the protester stay and make profit.

Freedom Riders

Activists from the North who road buses through the South to push for desegregation. The southern bus systems were not desegregating despite it now being law so people would take the busses from the northern states (where they were desegregated) to the southern states as a protests.

MLK Jr March on Washington

"I have a Dream" nonviolent political rally

Birmingham Campaign (1963)

Organized in 1963 by the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC), and led by Martin Luther King Jr., and others, this was a major non-violent civil rights campaign that culminated in widely publicized confrontations between young black students and white civic authorities. When King had thousands of black schoolchildren march through town, the police chief, Eugene "Bull" Connor unleashed his forces against them. The images, broadcast on TV, of children being assaulted with nightsticks, high-pressure fire hoses, and attack dogs produced a wave of revulsion throughout the world and led to President Kennedy's endorsement of the movement's goals as well as the municipal government's overturning of the city's discrimination laws.

Selma Campaign

An organized voter registration drive led to brutal/violent attacks. MLK announced a 50 mile march to Montgomery, Alabama.

Watts Uprising

Huge uprising in LA, had to be quelled by the National Guard: created a huge sense of urgency among whites, because the brutalities were televised. Violent resistance

King Assassination Riots

April 4-8, 1968 - News of King's death was greeted with an outpouring of grief and rage. Riots erupted all over the country, primarily in black urban areas. At least 110 cities experienced violence and destruction in the next few days, resulting in roughly $50 million in damage. The worst riots were in Chicago, Baltimore and Washington, D.C. Over 22,000 federal troops and 34,000 National Guard were sent to aid local police - the largest ever called to deal with domestic civil disturbance. In many cities the devastation was so great that it left a permanent scar, which was still evident decades later.

Ruby Bridges

The first African-American girl to go to a white school; she had to have a police escort to get to and from school in New Orleans during integration

Civil Rights Act of 1964

This act made racial, religious, and sex discrimination by employers illegal and gave the government the power to enforce all laws governing civil rights, including desegregation of schools and public places.

Voting Rights Act of 1965

a law designed to help end formal and informal barriers to African-American voting rights. Outlawed voter discrimination, especially literacy tests.

Fair Housing Act of 1968

Prohibited discrimination concerning the sale, rental, and financing of housing based on race. Prohibited Red-lining which affected black communities much more heavily than white communities.

The Great Society

President Johnson called his version of the Democratic reform program the Great Society. In 1965, Congress passed many Great Society measures, including Medicare, civil rights legislation, and federal aid to education. He thought he could combat poverty and racial injustice through these things but MLK disagreed.

Ho Chi Minh

Communist leader of North Vietnam

Gulf of Tonkin Resolution

1964 Congressional resolution authorizing President Johnson to take military action in Vietnam

Search and Destroy

US troop tactic used to seek out secret Viet Cong hiding places and destroy the villages that they stayed in.

Operation Rolling Thunder

A bombing campaign began in 1965 and authorized by President Johnson. This tactical movement relentlessly bombed Viet Cong-occupied land, decimating the landscape of hundreds of miles of land. However, the intricate and enormously large network of tunnels the guerrilla soldiers had built were largely unharmed, and it failed to stop the Viet Cong from continuing to press on.

Tet Offensive

a massive surprise attack by the Vietcong on South Vietnamese towns and cities in early 1968. They attacked a US army base and killed thousands. When this got back to public america people were outraged because they thought the US was winning the war but this showed them that that wasn't really true.

My Lai Massacre

1968, in which American troops had brutally massacred innocent women and children in the village of My Lai, also led to more opposition to the war.

Agent Orange

a herbicide used in the Vietnam War to defoliate forest areas so that US troops could find the Viet Cong easier. Was very bad for people though and led to lung sicknesses and birth defects in future generations.

Napalm

Highly flammable chemical dropped from US planes in firebombing attacks during the Vietnam War.

Anti-War Movement

student protest that started as the Free Speech movement in California and spread around the world, with common denominator of opposition to war in Vietnam and condemning US presence there. as violation of Viet rights and US imperialism. Lead to growing activism on campuses aimed at social reform. Primarily a middle-class movement.

SDS

Students for a Democratic Society-an antiestablishment New Left group, founded in 1960, this group charged that corporations and large government institutions had taken over America; they called for a restoration of "participatory democracy" and greater individual freedom

Kent State Shootings

In April of 1970, police fired into an angry crowd of college students at Kent State University. Four students were killed and many others were wounded. The students were protesting against Nixon ordering US troops to seize Cambodia without consulting Congress.

Black Panther Party

A group formed in 1966, inspired by the idea of Black Power, that provided aid to black neighborhoods; often thought of as radical or violent.

Huey P. Newton

Black Panther founder and leader, organized the party for self defense

Bobby Seale

African-American political activist, founder, along with Huey Newton, and national chairman of the Black Panther Party. Seale was one of a generation of young African-American radicals who broke away from the traditionally nonviolent Civil Rights Movement to preach a doctrine of militant black empowerment

Angela Davis

American political activist. Associated with the Black Panther Party.

Brown v. Board of Education

1954 - The Supreme Court overruled Plessy v. Ferguson, declared that racially segregated facilities are inherently unequal and ordered all public schools desegregated.

Emmet Till

(August, 1955) Chicago Boy, 14 years old. Visiting family in Mississippi. He was accused by a white woman of whistling at her which led to his brutal murder. His mother had an open casket funeral ("I wanted the world to see what they did to my baby"). It later came out that the woman lied and Emmet's family said that he sometimes whistled when he was nervous but wouldn't whistle at her

Space Race

A competition of space exploration between the United States and Soviet Union. Started when the SU launched SPutnik and the US wanted to catch up. The US enlisted Nazi scientists to help which started NASA

NDEA (National Defense Education Act)

provides federal money to improve science, math, engineering, and language programs in schools. We are an NDEA school.

Interstate Highway System

A system of limited access roadways that connects all major cities in the US. The system was designed to give troops faster routes to get to destinations across the US in the event of an attack on the US. The system's main purpose now is travel by civilians.

Suburbanization and White Flight

-White flight: the sociological and demographic term denoting a trend wherein whites leave urban communities as the minority population increases

-Suburbanization: Large movement of people to suburban homes; enabled american dream, segregated housing

Military Industrial Complex

Eisenhower first coined this phrase when he warned American against it in his last State of the Union Address. He feared that the combined lobbying efforts of the armed services and industries that contracted with the military would lead to excessive Congressional spending.

Malcom X and the Nation of Islam

Renamed himself X to signify the loss of his African heritage, became Black Muslims' most dynamic street orator and recruiter; his beliefs were the basis of a lot of the Black Power movement built on separation of the races. Later changed his views, believing blacks and whites could co-exist and was killed by the Nation of Islam. Malcom X preached self defense tactics over non-violence of the early civil rights movement

Little Rock Nine

1957 - Governor Faubus sent the Arkansas National Guard to prevent nine Black students from entering Little Rock Central High School after the desegregation of schools nationally order. Eisenhower sent in U.S. 101st airborne paratroopers (DDay vets) to ensure the students could attend class. And punish the governor for going against the law and almost starting a civil war

Cuban Revolutuion

Bay of Pigs

Failed CIA operation in April 1961to overthrow Castro and take over Cuba using Cuban exiles.

Cuban Missile Crisis

The 1962 confrontation bewteen US and the Soviet Union over Soviet missiles in Cuba. The US didnt like the SU having missiles in Cuba and the SU argued that they had missiles in Turkey. America intercepted a soviet submarine and sent a small explosive down to tell it to come up but the peoples in the sub thought a nuclear war had begun and almost sent missiles at the US. Luckily one of the men saved the day by saying no to sending the bomb. The crisis ended with the withdrawal of soviet missiles from Cuba, the US promising not to invade Cuba and the US taking its bombs from turkey. It was solved with diplomacy.

Fred Hampton Assassination

Hampton was a leader of the Black Panther Party who the CIA assassinated in his own home (next to his pregnant wife) because he was unionizing black and white people together against the government

Chicano Movement

The Mexican-American movement that sought political and social justice. The Chicano Movement addressed negative stereotyping of Mexicans, this stereotyping was addressed through works of literary and visual arts.

Cesar Chavez

Non-violent leader of the United Farm Workers from 1963-1970. Organized laborers in California and in the Southwest to strike against fruit and vegetable growers. Unionized Mexican-American farm workers.

Second Wave Feminism

Women's rights movement that revived in the 1960s with a different agenda than earlier women's suffrage movements; second-wave feminists demanded equal rights for women in employment and education, women's right to control their own bodies, and the end of patriarchal domination.

The Feminine Mystique

published 19 February 1963, a book written by Betty Friedan which brought to light the lack of fulfillment in many women's lives, which was generally kept hidden

Roe v. Wade

The 1973 Supreme Court decision holding that a state ban on all abortions was unconstitutional. The decision forbade state control over abortions during the first trimester of pregnancy, permitted states to limit abortions to protect the mother's health in the second trimester, and permitted states to protect the fetus during the third trimester.

Equal Rights Amendment (1972)

constitutional amendment passed by Congress but never ratified that would have banned discrimination on the basis of gender

Stonewall Uprising (1969)

Violent clashes between police and gay patrons of New York City's Stonewall Inn, seen as the starting point of the modern gay rights movement.

Marsha P. Johnson

African Americans women's and gay rights advocate, prominent figure in stonewall riots, founding member of Gay Liberation Front, co-founder of street transvestite action revolutionaries

American Indian Movement (AIM)

the Native American civil rights group responsible for the occupation of Wounded Knee, South Dakota, in 1973

Wounded Knee Occupation

In February 1973, members of AIM seized and occupied this town in South Dakota, the site of the 1890 massacre of Sioux by federal troops, for two months, demanding radical changes in the administration of the reservation and insisting that the government honor its long-forgotten treaty obligations.

Asian American Movement

fighting the exclusion laws and protesting the Japanese internment. Fighting for equal rights

Nuyorican Movement

Intended to validated the Puerto Rican-American working-class experience. It was a cultural and intellectual movement that involved artists.

Environmental Movement

a social movement organized around concerns about the relationship between humans and the environment

Clean Air Act

(CAA, 1970) set emission standards for cars and limits for release of air pollutants

Clean Water Act

(CWA, 1972) set maximum permissible amounts of water pollutants that can be discharged into waterways; aims to make surface waters swimmable and fishable

Endangered Species Act

(1973) identifies threatened and endangered species in the U.S., and puts their protection ahead of economic considerations

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)

The US federal agency with a mission to protect human health and the environment.

Disability Rights Movement

First began in 1960 with the National Association for Down Syndrome. Working towards the end of discrimination against those who are disabled using political action.

Detente

the easing of hostility or strained relations, especially between US and SU during the Cold War

Watergate and Nixon's resignation

Nixon hired former CIA agents to break into the Democratic National Convention and steal documents in the hopes of winning another election. The CIA agents used tape so that the hotel doors of the government officials wouldn't close which was noticed by the janitor of the building. The Janitor raised suspicions and the paper trail led alll the way back to the president of the US, Richard Nixon. Her then resigned before he was impeached.

Camp David Accords

A peace treaty between Israel and Egypt where Egypt agreed to recognize the nation state of Israel

Iranian Hostage Crisis (1979-1980)

A group of anti-American Muslim militants stormed the US embassy in Tehran, taking all occupants hostage and demanding the return of the exiled Iranian shah

Economic sanctions and political pressure failed

Military rescue mission failed

Crisis lasted 444 days, until Reagan's inauguration day

Ronald Reagan

1981-1989,"Great Communicator" Republican, conservative economic policies, replaced liberal Democrats in upper house with consevative Democrats or "boll weevils" , at reelection time, jesse jackson first black presdiential candidate, Geraldine Ferraro as VP running mate (first woman)

Rise of Conservatism

The movement away from the liberalism of the 50s and 60s; its distinguishing characteristics were the rise of evangelical christianity, the promotion of "traditional values" and the appearance of neo-conservatives who blamed the demoralization of the nation on the movements of the 60s.

supply-side economics (Reaganomics)

An economic policy that believed giving tax cuts to the rich would create a "trickle down" effect because if the rich have more money they'd give more money to their workers.

AIDS pandemic

Many people were getting diagnosed with Aids in the 80s/90s. It was an unfortunate time because the disease disproportionately affected gay men and POC and since many people feared the disease and didn't understand it they were getting mistreated. Many even thought it was contagious just through touch and wouldn't touch people with AIDs (until Princess Diana!!)

Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan

Soviet troops invaded Afghanistan to help the Afghan communist government crush anticommunist Muslim guerrillas; anti communist guerrillas received support from US and GB; USSR withdrew→ communist party remained in power

German Reunification

The reintegration of West and East Germany into a single nation in 1990. People started to tear down the wall after a news reporter incorrectly said that they could cross over.

Soviet Union Collapse

The USSR collapsed because socialism failed economically, outside opposition from capitalist countries and nationalism within the republics. There was also competition with the West and party officials were killed for personal gain, weakening the party.

Rodney King Riots

(1992) an African-American motorist driver who, in 1991 was stopped and then beaten by Los Angeles Police Department officers (4 white men, then acquitted) after the acquittal riots erupted. Multicultural Riots

Waco Siege

huge standoff between government authorities and Branch Davidian Cult members in Waco, TX. 75 died in the siege including cult leader David Koresh.

Oklahoma City Bombing

Bombing of Murrah Federal Building. The blast, set off by Timothy McVeigh and Terry Nichols, killed 168 people, including 19 children in the building's day-care center.

Migration trends of the 90s

New Great Migration: return of African-American migration to the South (reversal of "Great Migration" 1910-70)

• Pop. increases shifted to the South and West

• Latin American and Asian migration affected culture and supplied a strong labor force