Unit 7 - Intro to Blood

Blood

what type of tissue is blood

connective tissue

the only — in human body

fluid tissue

temperature of blood

100.4 f

pH

7.35-7.45, slightly alkaline

how much thicker is blood than water

5 times

what is the average amount of blood in an adult

5.3 quarts

do males or females have more blood

males

what does blood account for

approximately 8% of body weight

functions of blood

transport, regulation, protection

transport function of blood

carrying oxygen and nutrients to cells, transporting carbon dioxide to lungs for removal, transporting nitrogenous waste to kidneys for removal, carrying hormones from endocrine glands to target tissues

regulation functions of blood

removing heat from active areas such as skeletal muscles and transporting it to other regions or to the skin where it can be dissipated (maintaining body temperature), pH regulation through the action of buffers in the blood

protection functions of blood

preventing fluid loss by forming clots, protect the body against microorganisms that cause disease

parts of whole blood

cells and plasma

cells

formed elements, living component, 45% of total blood, 3 main types, formed in bone marrow, spleen, thymus gland, lymph nodes

plasma

matrix, non-living component, 55% of total blood, mainly water (90%), over 100 dissolved substances

examples of plasma

nutrients (glucose, fatty acids, amino acids, vitamins), salts (electrolytes), gases (O2, CO2), hormones, waste (urea, uric acid), plasma proteins (albumin, fibrinogen, globulins)

plasma proteins

most abundant solutes in plasma, most are made by the liver

examples of plasma proteins

albumin: regulates osmotic pressure and thickens blood, clotting proteins: help when a blood vessel is injured

how to separate blood components

layers which are based on density

layers in blood

top layer, middle layer, bottom layer

top layer in blood

plasma

thin white middle layer/buffy coat in blood

contains white blood cells and platelets

bottom layer in blood

red blood cells sink to bottom

hematocrit

ratio of red cells to total volume

main formed elements

erythrocytes, leukocytes, thrombocytes

red blood cells

erythrocytes

white blood cells

leukocytes

platelets and cells fragments

thrombocytes

all 3 main formed elements stem from —

a specific type of cell

how are lost cells replaced

by a division of hemocytoblasts (blood stem cells) in the red bone marrow

erythrocytes

commonly known as red blood cells or RBCs, main function is to carry oxygen

anatomy of circulating erythrocytes

biconcave disks, essentially bags of hemoglobin, contain very few organelles, anucleate (no nucleus)

how many red blood cells are there

4-6 million per cubic millimeter of blood

formation of erythrocytes

unable to divide, grow, or synthesize proteins, wear out in 100-120 days, RBCs are eliminated by phagocytes in the spleen or liver

hemoglobin

iron containing protein, binds strongly but reversibly to oxygen, each hemoglobin molecule has 4 bonding sites, each erythrocyte has 250 million hemoglobin molecules, hemoglobin is recycled in the body, normal blood contains 12-18 g of hemoglobin per 100 mL of blood

leukocytes

commonly known as white blood cells, crucial in the body’s defense against disease, these are complete cells with a nucleus and organelles, able to move into and out of blood vessels, respond to chemicals released by damaged tissues, many types of WBCs some are macrophages and some produce antibodies or histamine

types of leukocytes

granulocytes and agranulocytes

granulocytes

granules in their cytoplasm can be stained, posses lobed nuclei, include neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils (Phil eats Grain)

agranulocytes

lack visible cytoplasmic granules, nuclei are spherical, oval, or kidney shaped, include lymphocytes and monocytes (No Grains in Sight/Cyte)

list of white blood cells from most to least abundant

Neutrophils, Lymphocytes, Monocytes, Eosinophils, Basophils

way to remember list of blood cells from most to least abundant

Never, Let, Monkeys, Eat, Bananas

what will the types of WBCs vary on

the persons health at the time

types of granulocytes

neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils

neutrophils

multi-lobed nucleus with fine granules, act as phagocytes at active sites of infection

eosinophils

large brick-red cytoplasmic granules, found in response to allergies and/or parasitic worms

basophils

have histamine-containing granules, initiate inflammation

types of agranulocyts

lymphocytes and monocytes

lymphocytes

nucleus fills most of the cell, b lymphocytes produce antibodies which collect and clump bacteria together, easier for phagocytes to “eat” them

monocytes

largest of the white blood cells, function as macrophages, important in fighting chronic infection

thrombocytes

commonly known as platelets, derived from ruptured multinucleate cells (megakaryocytes), primary function is the clotting process, normal platelet count is 300,000/mm³