Physical Science - Chapter 6

Lipid

organic compounds that provide long- term energy storage in living organisms; includes fats, oils, waxes, and steroids.

Aldehyde

a substituted hydrocarbon in which the replacement by an oxygen atom of a pair of hydrogen atoms at the end of a hydrocarbon chain forms a carbonyl group (C= O)

Alcohol

a substituted hydrocarbon in which a hydroxyl group (OH) replaces a hydrogen atom.

Structural formula

a drawing depicting the composition and arrangement of atoms in a molecule.

Ketone

a substituted hydrocarbon in which a pair of hydrogen atoms bonded to a carbon atom other than those at the end of the carbon chain are replaced by an oxygen atom, forming a carbonyl group (C= O)

Carbohydrate

an organic compound comprised of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms that is the basic energy source for living organisms.

Hydrocarbon

an organic compound consisting of only hydrogen and carbon atoms.

Isomer

any of a group of compounds that have the same molecular formula but different structures.

Amino acid

a class of organic compounds that serve as the building blocks of proteins.

Polymer

a large molecule formed by linking smaller molecules, called monomers.

Benzene

a six- carbon unsaturated hydrocarbon ring with the electrons from the C- C bonds equally distributed among the carbon atoms.

Nucleic acid

________: a biochemical polymer that encodes, stores, and provides instructions for cellular processes.

Protein

the building block for muscle, blood, skin, and hair in humans and animals.

single bonds

Saturated hydrocarbon: a hydrocarbon that has only ________ between its carbon atoms.

Organic chemistry

the study of the composition, structure, and properties of carbon- containing compounds.

Monomer

a simple molecule that can link with other monomers to form large molecules called polymers.

Nucleotide

any of a group of biochemical molecules that act as the monomers to make ________.

organic chemistry

the study of the composition, structure, and properties of carbon-containing compounds

organic compound

a covalently bonded compound containing carbon

branched chain

an organic molecule with carbon atoms connected to each other in such a way as to create more than one chain of carbons

straight chain

an organic molecule consisting of a single continuous series of any number of carbon atoms bonded to each other

ring

an organic molecule made by connecting the two ends of a carbon chain

hydrocarbon

an organic compound consisting of only hydrogen ad carbon atoms

structural formula

a drawing depicting the composition and arrangement of atoms in a molecule

saturated hydrocarbon

a hydrocarbon that has only single bonds between its carbon atoms

unsaturated hydrocarbon

a hydrocarbon that has at least one double or triple bond between its carbon atoms

aromatic hydrocarbon

an unsaturated hydrocarbon that contains at least one benzene structure

benzene

a six-carbon unsaturated hydrocarbon ring with the electrons from the C-C bonds equally distributed among the carbon atoms

isomer

any of a group of compounds that have the same molecular formula but different structures

substituted hydrocarbon

a hydrocarbon in which at least one of the hydrogen atoms has been replaced with another atom or group of atoms

functional group

an atom or group of atoms that replaces a hydrogen atom to form a substituted hydrocarbon

alcohol

a substituted hydrocarbon in which a hydroxyl group (OH) replaces a hydrogen atom

Typical Properties

higher boiling points and greater solubility

Name

alcohols identified by the -ol ending

aldehyde

a substituted hydrocarbon in which the replacement by an oxygen atom of a pair of hydrogen atoms at the end of a hydrocarbon chain forms a carbonyl group (C=O)

Typical Properties

vary depending on the hydrocarbon to which the carbonyl group is attached

ketone

a substituted hydrocarbon in which a pair of hydrogen atoms bonded to a carbon atom other than those at the end of the carbon chain are replaced by an oxygen atom, forming a carbonyl group (C=O)

Typical Properties

greater solubility in water than their unsubstituted counterparts

Name

ketones identified by the -one ending

polymer

a large molecule formed by linking smaller molecules, called monomers

monomer

a simple molecule that can link with other monomers to form large molecules called polymers

carbohydrate

an organic compound comprised of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms that is the basic energy source for living organisms

protein

a biochemical polymer made of amino acids

amino acid

a class of organic compounds that serve as the building blocks of proteins

lipid

organic compounds that provide long-term energy storage in living organisms; includes fats, oils, waxes, and steroids

nucleic acid

a biochemical polymer that encodes, stores, and provides instructions for cellular processes

nucleotide

any of a group of biochemical molecules that act as the monomers to make nucleic acids

organic compound

a covalently bonded compound containing carbon

branched chain

an organic molecule with carbon atoms connected to each other in such a way as to create more than one chain of carbons

straight chain

an organic molecule consisting of a single continuous series of any number of carbon atoms bonded to each other

ring

an organic molecule made by connecting the two ends of a carbon chain

saturated hydrocarbon

a hydrocarbon that has only single bonds between its carbon atoms

unsaturated hydrocarbon

a hydrocarbon that has at least one double or triple bond between its carbon atoms

aromatic hydrocarbon

an unsaturated hydrocarbon that contains at least one benzene structure

substituted hydrocarbon

a hydrocarbon in which at least one of the hydrogen atoms has been replaced with another atom or group of atoms

functional group

an atom or group of atoms that replaces a hydrogen atom to form a substituted hydrocarbon